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US History timeline & concept chart: 16th-18th centuries (to 1754) British-American colonies: Difference between revisions
US History timeline & concept chart: 16th-18th centuries (to 1754) British-American colonies (view source)
Revision as of 14:55, 3 May 2022
, 3 May 2022→Protestant Reformation, British political and religious conflicts & impact on American colonies
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* 1688-1689 Tolerance Act of 1688 & English Bill of Rights of 1689 <br><br> | * 1688-1689 Tolerance Act of 1688 & English Bill of Rights of 1689 <br><br> | ||
|| | || | ||
'''Martin Luther & Protestant Reformation''' | '''Martin Luther & Protestant Reformation''' | ||
''' | |||
'''Church of England'''<br> | |||
'''Thirty Years War, 1618-1648 & European nationalism'''<br> | |||
'''English Civil War, 1642–1651 & the Commonwealth'''<br> | |||
'''Religious conflict & persecution as push factor on migration to colonial America''' | '''Religious conflict & persecution as push factor on migration to colonial America''' | ||
'''Anti-Catholicism in colonial America''' | |||
<br> | <br> | ||
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** religious self-identity has political implications on notions of self-rule | ** religious self-identity has political implications on notions of self-rule | ||
=== Church of England & Protestantism in England === | === Church of England & Protestantism in England (English Reformation) === | ||
* 1534 Henry VIII’s break from Catholic Church & create Church of England ("Anglican church") | * 1534 Henry VIII’s break from Catholic Church & create Church of England ("Anglican church") | ||
** the break ensures English-Spanish/French competition / wars | ** the break ensures English-Spanish/French competition / wars | ||
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*** 1659 the Rump Parliament was briefly restored leading to the 1660 "Restoration" of Charles II | *** 1659 the Rump Parliament was briefly restored leading to the 1660 "Restoration" of Charles II | ||
=== English | === English Civil War & the American colonies === | ||
= | * colonialists were divided in loyalties to Parliament or King | ||
* Puritan colonies, especially Massachusetts, aligned with the Parliamentarians | |||
** with the Parliamentarian victory, some Puritan colonialists returned to England | |||
** the protestant "Rump Parliament" opposed colonies that remained loyal to the King | |||
*** Maryland & Virginia | |||
**** as well as Newfoundland (Canada) and Antigua, Barbados & Bermuda (Caribbean) | |||
*** in 1650 Parliament issued a ban on trade with those colonies | |||
**** called, "An Act for prohibiting Trade wit Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda adn Antego" | |||
**** it authorized privateers (pirates) to enforce the ban | |||
*** in 1651 Parliament issued the "'''Navigation Act'''" (see below for more) | |||
**** the Act centralized trade within the British empire under direct British control | |||
* migration to colonies (English Civil War as "push" factor" on migration) | |||
** with Parliamentarian victories, many Royal loyalists migrated to the Colonies | |||
*** in the American colonies, they settled mostly in the mid-Atlantic (Maryland and Virginia, especially) | |||
*** in Virginia these royalist migrants are known as "Virginia Cavaliers" | |||
**** (thus the name for the Virginia Tech sports teams) | |||
** with the Restoration, a second wave of puritans migrated, mostly to Pennsylvania | |||
* conflict in the colonies: | |||
** Virginia (a "crown colony" as of 1634) and Maryland ("proprietary colony" but owned by the Catholic Calver family) were strongly allied with Royalists | |||
*** The "Plundering Time" or "Claiborne and Ingle's Rebellion" | |||
**** = Protestant invasion of Kent Island and St. Mary's City in Maryland, 1644-46 | |||
**** two years of raiding and turmoil | |||
**** Maryland governor, Cecilius Calvert (2nd Lord Baltimore), fled to Virginia | |||
**** Lord Baltimore regained power 1646 | |||
** during the Commonwealth, Parliament appointed protestant commissioners who opposed Lord Baltimore | |||
*** the commissioners essentially ran the state from 1654-1658 | |||
**** under protestant rule, Maryland repealed the 1649 '''Maryland Toleration Act''' (which had provided for religious tolerance) | |||
** in 1652, Virginia Governor William Berkeley, a royalist, surrendered to Commonwealth representatives | |||
*** who installed protestant "Richard Bennett as Governor of Virginia | |||
**** the House of Burgess elected him, but he acted under authority of the Commonwealth | |||
**** Bennett help to enforce Protestant rule in Maryland | |||
** "'''Battle of the Severn'''" in 1655 near Annapolis, MD, called "the last battle of the English Civil War" (see [[wikipedia:Battle_of_the_Severn|Battle of the Severn (wikipedia)]] | |||
*** a protestant settlement at Horn Point on the Severn River skirmished with Lord Baltimore's forces in 1657, former Virginia Governor Bennett singed a treaty with Lord Baltimore (Cecilius Calvert), ceding control of Maryland back to him | |||
*** an amnesty was declared | |||
** Parliamentarian rule punished Virginia and Maryland and effectively shut down Chesapeake trade under Governor Bennett | |||
*** the Protestant rulers opposed plantation owners and, following Puritan theology, opposed slavery (but did nothing to stop it) | |||
** following Bennett's departure (back to England) in 1655, control of Virginia was still held by Parliamentarians, but they exercised more independence from the Commonwealth and tolerance towards Virginia and Maryland royalists | |||
** in 1660, with the Restoration of the King, control of Virginia fell back into the hands of Royalists and large plantation owners | |||
*** Berkeley became Governor again | |||
*** as a reward for its loyalty, King Charles II gave Virginia the title "Old Dominion" | |||
** See: [[wikipedia:History_of_religion_in_the_United_States|History of Religion in the United States (wikipedia)]] | |||
=== Significance of English Civil War & Legacy on American Colonies === | |||
* | * | ||
* Parliament's victory ensured the English "constitutional" monarchy over the French form of absolute monarchy | * Parliament's victory ensured the English "constitutional" monarchy over the French form of absolute monarchy | ||
* while | ** i.e., Parliament would exercise significant powers over British governance and policies | ||
** known as "Whiggism" or "Whig philosophy" of parliamentarian rule | |||
** influence on Colonists: | |||
*** parliament as central to government | |||
*** taxation only with consent of the governed | |||
*** dislike of a "standing army" | |||
* nevertheless, while Parliament reinforced is powers and its status as representative of the people, | |||
** the English people generally disliked the execution of Charles I, as he was king and head of the Anglican Church, making the act of "regicide" not just a political but a religious heresy | ** the English people generally disliked the execution of Charles I, as he was king and head of the Anglican Church, making the act of "regicide" not just a political but a religious heresy | ||
*** Charles II was extremely popular at the beginning and in the early stages of his reign | *** Charles II was extremely popular at the beginning and in the early stages of his reign | ||
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** American colonial anti-Catholicism drove colonial identity and served as a catalyst for American Revolution following British take-over of French-Canadian Catholic provinces in Canada | ** American colonial anti-Catholicism drove colonial identity and served as a catalyst for American Revolution following British take-over of French-Canadian Catholic provinces in Canada | ||
** just as British rule of Catholic Ireland created religious tensions & resentments, eventual British colonial rule of Catholic Quebec, Canada, created religious tensions and resentments in the 13 American colonies | ** just as British rule of Catholic Ireland created religious tensions & resentments, eventual British colonial rule of Catholic Quebec, Canada, created religious tensions and resentments in the 13 American colonies | ||
=== Glorious Revolution & English Bill or Rights & Tolerance Act === | === Glorious Revolution & English Bill or Rights & Tolerance Act === | ||
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** and the Massachusetts Bay Colony's charter was revoked by James II | ** and the Massachusetts Bay Colony's charter was revoked by James II | ||
*** the British "Lords of Trade" incorporated them in 1691 into '''Province of Massachusetts Bay''' along with coast islands and most of modern Maine (but without New Hampshire) | *** the British "Lords of Trade" incorporated them in 1691 into '''Province of Massachusetts Bay''' along with coast islands and most of modern Maine (but without New Hampshire) | ||
=== Dominion of New England === | ==== Dominion of New England ==== | ||
* in response to colonial resistance of the Navigation Acts, as well as in order to more directly rule the region | * in response to colonial resistance of the Navigation Acts, as well as in order to more directly rule the region | ||
** in 1686 King James II reorganized various New England and Mid-Atlantic colonial entities into the '''Dominion of New England''' | ** in 1686 King James II reorganized various New England and Mid-Atlantic colonial entities into the '''Dominion of New England''' | ||
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*** especially targeted was the '''Massachusetts Bay Colony''' and Boston merchants for resisting the Navigation Acts | *** especially targeted was the '''Massachusetts Bay Colony''' and Boston merchants for resisting the Navigation Acts | ||
* colonial resistance: | * colonial resistance: | ||
** resented the revocation of their charters | ** resented the revocation of their charters | ||
** and feared that the English King was trying to impose the Church of England | ** and feared that the English King was trying to impose the Church of England | ||
*** the 1689 ''Boston revolt'' and ''Leisler Rebellion'' (in New York) resisted Dominion rule | *** the 1689 ''Boston revolt'' and ''Leisler Rebellion'' (in New York) resisted Dominion rule | ||
*** the Dominion was dismantled in 1689 and new charters were granted after the Glorious Revolution under William & Mary | *** the Dominion was dismantled in 1689 and new charters were granted after the Glorious Revolution under William & Mary | ||
==== '''mercantilism''' ==== | |||
* European political and economic policy of forcing colonial possessions to trade directly with the home country and not others | |||
* Navigation Act of 1651 | * Navigation Act of 1651 | ||
** enacted under the Commonwealth (Parliamentarian control of England under Oliver Cromwell) | |||
** required that all trade to/from colonies had to be conducted on English ships | ** required that all trade to/from colonies had to be conducted on English ships | ||
** designed to force American colonists to trade directly with England | ** designed to force American colonists to trade directly with England | ||
** | ** targeted at colonial trade with the Dutch, which the English wanted to halt | ||
** the Act contributed to the Anglo-Dutch war of 1652-54 (impacted colonial trade but no battles in North America) | ** the Act contributed to the Anglo-Dutch war of 1652-54 (impacted colonial trade but no battles in North America) | ||
* Navigation Acts of 1651, 1660 | * Navigation Acts, 1660- 1673 (various) | ||
** targeted specific goods that were to be transported only on English ships | ** with the Restoration of Charles II, the Navigation Act of 1651 was nullified | ||
** however, the new government wanted to maintain similar control over trade | |||
*** so issued the Navigation Act of 1660 | |||
*** it strengthened the terms of the Act of 1651 | |||
** the Acts targeted specific goods that were to be transported only on English ships | |||
*** including: sugar, tobacco, fabric, indigo (dye), ginger | *** including: sugar, tobacco, fabric, indigo (dye), ginger | ||
** required that ships trading with American colonies must first stop at British ports for inspection and taxes | ** required that ships trading with American colonies must first stop at British ports for inspection and taxes | ||
* the 17th century Navigation Acts were largely unenforced in the American colonies | *** required annual reports on trade from colonial Governors | ||
* by the late 17th century Navigation Acts were largely unenforced in the American colonies | |||
** the Navigation Act of 1696 was issued to strengthen enforcement of the Navigation Acts | |||
==== Salutary neglect ==== | ==== Salutary neglect ==== | ||