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Grammar: Difference between revisions
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'''Grammar''' | '''Grammar''' | ||
* = is from the Greek "art of letters" (words) | * = is from the Greek "art of letters" (words) | ||
* technically, grammar is | |||
** '''phonology''' = sounds that create word parts and words) | |||
** '''morphology''' = how words are formed and interact with each other | |||
** '''syntax''' = rules for the arrangement of words to create meaning | |||
*** syntax defines the semantical purpose (meaning) of language | |||
'''Article purpose''' | '''Article purpose''' | ||
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*** ''-ent'' = having the condition of (the suffix indicates a noun) | *** ''-ent'' = having the condition of (the suffix indicates a noun) | ||
* constituent parts of a sentence are those that we can consider coherent elements or groupings within a sentence | * constituent parts of a sentence are those that we can consider coherent elements or groupings within a sentence | ||
** constituent parts operates as an | ** constituent parts operates as an hierarchy | ||
*** i.e,. "Sam and I" = noun phrase that is made up of a noun + a conjunction + a noun | *** i.e,. "Sam and I" = noun phrase that is made up of a noun + a conjunction + a noun | ||
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* the subject of a sentence may not logically be a single word | * the subject of a sentence may not logically be a single word | ||
** a phrase = 2 or more words that do not contain a finite verb (verb that has a subject) | |||
* a "subject phrase" is two or more words that collectively act as the "doer" or subject of a sentence | * a "subject phrase" is two or more words that collectively act as the "doer" or subject of a sentence | ||
** ex. "The conditions are poor" is a complete sentence and thought, but lacks important details as to "conditions" of what?" | ** ex. "The conditions are poor" is a complete sentence and thought, but lacks important details as to "conditions" of what?" | ||
*** so a more complete "subject phrase" might be, | *** so a more complete "subject phrase" might be, | ||
**** "''The weather conditions'' are poor" | **** "''The '''weather conditions''''' are poor" | ||
**** "''The conditions of those teams'' are poor" | **** "''The '''conditions of those teams''''' are poor" | ||
**** "''Being smart'' helps on that test" | **** "'''''Being smart''''' helps on that test" | ||
=== subject clause === | |||
* just as a subject may be a compound phrase ("'''Getting there''' is the best part of the trip"), a noun clause (contains a finite verb) may act as a subject (or object). | |||
* noun clauses tend to use "that" as a subordinating conjunction that creates the noun clause | |||
* ex. | |||
** '''''The team that played smarter, not harder''', won.''SUBJECT | VERB |<---------------- subject clause --------------> | | |||
** ''A question I thought about beforehand escaped me when it was time to ask it''SUBJECT | VERB |<---------------- subject clause ---------> | | |||
== Object == | == Object == | ||
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=== object complement === | === object complement === | ||
* a word that modifies | * a word that modifies a direct object | ||
** that is, it adds information to a direct object | |||
*** as opposed to a subject complement, which adds information to a subject | |||
** usually a noun, pronoun or adjective | |||
* object complements follow verbs that express both an object of an action and a recipient of that action | * object complements follow verbs that express both an object of an action and a recipient of that action | ||
** such as, ''appoint, call, create, declare, direct, elect, tell'' | ** such as, ''appoint, call, choose, create, declare, direct, elect, make, name, tell'' | ||
*** ''The committee appointed her president'' | *** ex. to appoint: | ||
*** ''My mom declared the cookies out of bounds'' | **** ''The committee appointed her.'' | ||
***** her = the recipient of the action (direct object) | |||
** if we add a complement to the object, we are describing what she was appointed to: | |||
*** ''The committee appointed her president.'' | |||
**** note that "president" is not an indirect object | |||
***** it is not the recipient of "appoint" therefore it is a "complement" to the object | |||
**** ex. | |||
***** ''The teacher considers the student '''worthy''''' (object complement adjective) | |||
***** ''The workers painted the wall '''white''''' (object complement noun) | |||
* object complements can also come in the form of phrases or clauses | |||
** ''My mom declared the cookies '''out of bounds''''' (prepositional phrase) | |||
** ''The team selected the player '''who was the best''''' (relative clause object complement) | |||
== Predicate == | == Predicate == | ||
* from Latin ''praedicatum'' for "something declared" | * from Latin ''praedicatum'' for "something declared" | ||
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** "The kids are hungry" | ** "The kids are hungry" | ||
{{Clause (grammar)}} | == Clause == | ||
{{:Clause (grammar)}} | |||
== Phrase == | == Phrase == | ||
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=== appositive phrase === | === appositive phrase === | ||
* "appositive" is an adjective that means "next to" | |||
** prefix '''''ap-''''' = towards | |||
*** (related to the prefix "ad", but switches to "ap" when placed before a "P" | |||
*** such as "apparent" which means "ap"/into + "parare"/visible, i.e. "into view or sight" | |||
** root '''''posit''''' = is from Latin ''ponere'' for "to place", i.e., "in position" | |||
** suffix -'''''ive''''' makes an adjective (from a verb) | |||
* the '''appositive phrase''' is two or more words that are next to another word in order to clarify, define, or identify it | |||
** note: a phrase is two or more words that does not contain a subject-verb | |||
** ex. | |||
*** ''"Jonas Samson''', a doctor of law,''' practices on the higher court"'' | |||
*** ''"My friend '''Tony the Shark''' is an excellent card player"'' | |||
*** ''"'''A thoughtful person''', she gives good advice"'' | |||
*** ''"'''An expert on trees, soil, and insects''', arborists have great information to help design your garden"'' | |||
** a single noun can be "in apposition" (thus it is not a phrase) | |||
*** sometimes called "an appositive" (even though the words is technically an adjective) | |||
*** ex. | |||
**** ''"My friend '''Tony''' is an excellent card player"'' | |||
**** Ringing bells | |||
** when in the form of a clause, the apposition is a noun clause | |||
*** a clause has a subject + verb | |||
=== complement or requisite phrase === | === complement or requisite phrase === | ||
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=== infinitive phrase === | === infinitive phrase === | ||
* | * infinitive = the "to" form of a verb | ||
** but that | * infinitives acts as a noun, adjective or adverb | ||
*** | * infinitives are formed by adding the particle "to" before a verb | ||
** the infinitive indicates an action not as a direct action (verb) but as a thing or descriptor that indicates some action | |||
**** i.e. it is the object of what "I decided" | *** i.e., "to run" can be a noun, adjective or adverb, but it still indicates the action "run" | ||
**** "to the park" is prepositional phrase that acts like an adverb that describes "to go", as in "where [I decided] to go" | * infinitive as a <u>noun</u>: | ||
** | ** "'''''To go''' is the best decision"'' | ||
*** "to go" is the subject of the sentence | |||
** "''I decided '''to go''' to the park''" | |||
* note | *** "to go" is the direct object of the subject-verb "I decided" | ||
**** i.e. it is the object of what "I decided" | |||
**** note that "to the park" is prepositional phrase that acts like an adverb that describes "to go", as in "where [I decided] to go" | |||
** "''The teacher reminded the class '''to study''' for the test tomorrow"'' | |||
*** "the class" is the object of "the teacher reminded" and "to study" is an adverb that describes the verb "reminded" | |||
*** "to study" may also be seen as a "object complement" in that it serves as the object of "reminded the class" | |||
* infinitive as an adjective | |||
** "''The dog wanted the cake '''to drop''' on the floor"'' | |||
*** "to drop" is an adjective that describes the "cake" | |||
* infinitive as an adverb | |||
** ''"Jonesy drove himself '''to learn"''''' | |||
*** "to learn" is an adverb that describes the verb "drove" | |||
**** note that in this sentence, "Jonesy drove himself to school", the "to" is a preposition and not a particle | |||
* sometimes the "to" is dropped although the verb is still an infinitive: | |||
** ex. "The waiter made me wait" | ** ex. "The waiter made me wait" | ||
*** "wait" can be a noun, but here it is acting as an infinitive verb (the action "to wait") | *** "wait" can be a noun, but here it is acting as an infinitive verb (the action "to wait") | ||
* infinitives can have their own objects | |||
** ''She bought flowers to make him happy'' | |||
*** "to make" modifies "bought" (as an adverb) or "flowers" (as an adjective) | |||
*** "him" is the object of the infinitive "to make" | |||
**** "happy" is the object complement of "him" | |||
* see: [https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/mechanics/gerunds_participles_and_infinitives/infinitives.html Infinitives (owl.purdue.edu)] | * see: [https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/mechanics/gerunds_participles_and_infinitives/infinitives.html Infinitives (owl.purdue.edu)] | ||
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*** ex. ''The dog was given a bone'' | *** ex. ''The dog was given a bone'' | ||
**** focus is on the dog and the bone, and we don't need to state who gave it the bone | **** focus is on the dog and the bone, and we don't need to state who gave it the bone | ||
* passive voice can be "weaselly" when used to avoid responsibility for something: | |||
** Son: "''Dad, your favorite glass was broken''" | |||
** Father: "''Who broke it?''" | |||
** Son: "''Uh, somebody...''" | |||
* see | * see | ||
** [[https://www.grammarly.com/blog/active-vs-passive-voice/ Active vs. Passive Voice (grammarly.com)]] | ** [[https://www.grammarly.com/blog/active-vs-passive-voice/ Active vs. Passive Voice (grammarly.com)]] | ||
=== periods === | === periods === | ||
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=== introductory phrase === | === introductory phrase === | ||
* a phrase that introduces an independent clause | |||
** usually a prepositional phrase or a participial phrase | |||
*** ''"'''On Thursdays''', I get out."'' (prepositional phrase) | |||
*** '''''"Feeling hungry,''' I bought some fries"'' (participial phrase) | |||
== Modifiers == | == Modifiers == | ||
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=== qualifiers === | === qualifiers === | ||
* qualifiers limit, or "qualify," the meaning of a word | * qualifiers limit, or "qualify," the meaning of a word | ||
* qualifiers can be adverbs or determiners | |||
* types of qualifiers: | * types of qualifiers: | ||
** adverbs: ''always, frequently sometimes, usually,'' | |||
** determiners: ''few, many, some,'' | |||
=== modifier errors: dangling modifiers === | === modifier errors: dangling modifiers === | ||
* a modifier that has no word or phrase to modify | * a modifier that has no word or phrase to modify | ||
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=== Idiom/ Idiomatic === | === Idiom/ Idiomatic === | ||
* grammatical idiom | |||
** words or phrases that are used simply because they are used | |||
** = don't have specific rules | |||
** note: prepositions are not idiomatic | |||
* idiom as sayings or expressions | |||
** idioms are common sayings that express an idea figuratively | |||
*** but if taken literally are nonsensical | |||
** ex. | |||
*** "''Don't beat around the bush''" | |||
*** "''Chip off the old block''" | |||
*** "''Got the extra mile''" | |||
=== Phrase === | === Phrase === | ||
=== Grammatical oddities === | |||
==== anacoluthon ==== | |||
>> see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacoluthon | |||