Human geography

this entry includes skills, concepts and content for AP Human Geography

Human geography

• = deeper understanding of human use of space, distance, localities and other interactions with the earth
• includes:
  • resources
  • land use, including mining, farming, etc.
  • population
  • language
  • economies
  • urbanization
  • connections & intersections

Demography/ demographics

• = study of human organizations and sub-categories for classification
  • including, age, employment, economics, ethnicity, location, race, religion, sex, social class, etc.

Demographic transition

Demographic transition overview, where "stage 5" is shown as unknown.

Five stages of demographic transition

• theory of shifts in populations from high to low birth/death rates
  • driven by industrialization, globalism, and mechanized argriculture
• these shifts happen in different places at different times
• demographic analysis can be empowered by these categories

pre-Stage 1

• pre-Agriculture or early agriculture (Neolithic)
• hunter-gatherers
• nomadic pastoral (herders)
• low fertility rates
  • hunter-gatherer societies, women typically have babies every 4-5 years
• stable population

Stage 1

• marked by both high birth and death rates

• pre-industrial agricultural period
• high fertility rates
  • in pre-industrial agricultural societies, women typically have babies every 2 years
• high birth rates coincident w/ high death rates
  • = stable population
  • = high birth rate for population replacement
• most people involved in agriculture
  • includes herding, farming
• population dependent upon food supply
  • susceptible to famines and environmental
    • susceptible = easily impacted by

Stage 2

• falling death rates and ongoing high birth rates
• = high population growth
• declines in death rates due to
  • higher agricultural yields, due to
    • crop rotation
    • soil management
    • seed and seeding technologies
  • lower early-age death rates due to better hygiene
• public health improvement due to
  • sewerage:
    • fresh water supply
    • sewage disposal
    • general better hygiene
• ongoing high-birth rates due to dependence on agriculture

Stage 3

• low death rates and lower birth rates
• lower fertility
  • less need for farm labor
  • contraception
• movement of women into workforce
  • more educational opportunities for women
• urbanization
• increase in literacy
• decline in youth dependency ratio
  • leads to increasing population aging

Stage 4

• lower death and birth rates
  • leads to decline in population growth
• larger female integration into education and workplace and general independence

Stage 5

• lower death rates and birth rates below replacement levels
  • sub-replacement fertility
• population aging and decline
• Stage 5 countries without immigration will have population declines

key terms

agriculture

• food supply
• soil management
• irrigation
• crop yields
• seeds/ seed technology
• genetic manipulation
• mechanized agriculture

population

• birth/death rate
  • fertility rate
  • mortality rate
• fertility factors
• contraception
• population momentum
• population aging
• sub-replacement fertility
• baby boom
• urbanization

health conditions

• hygiene
• vaccinations
• public health
• sewers/ sewage treatment
• disease
• health care

age

• • age stratification
  • dependency ratio
  • working age population
• dependent window
• demographic dividend
• demographic trap