US History: BIG IDEAS for American self-conception and historical choices
Students may address historican themes, events, and periods using the various notions of self-conception of Americans across history. Note that these concepts change over time. A short list of topics/ core ideas includes:
the American Dream
American exceptionalism
Americanism (and What is it to be an American?)
Civil liberties
Civil Rights
"City on a Hill"
Debate
Dissent
Due process
Duty
E pluribus unam
Equality
Expansionism (including westerd expansion, overseas expansion; also economic)
In 1835, the French aristocrat, Alexis de Tocqueville published the first of two volumes, "Democracy in America". Tocqueville was intrigued by the social, cultural and political implications of a democratic society -- by which he meant, generally,
absence of social classes or heirarchies among citizens
members of that dominant social class consider themselves one another's equal
Tocqueville's analysis yields enormous insight into the American character of the 1830s as well as today:
notion of equality
individualism
emphasis on local governance
civic activity and associations
spirit of religion
These characteristics of a democracy can be applied to historical analysis on the AP exam and for understanding US History generally.
American Slogans or Famous Utterances
A day that will live in infamy
A republic, if you can keep it!
The American way
Equal justice under law
Getting the government you deserve
Give me liberty or give me death!
Go west, young man!
I am a Berliner / Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!
In God we trust
Life, liberty and the pursuit of happines
Live free or die
Nothing to fear but fear itself
Of the people, by the people, for the people
Outdoing the Joneses
Remember the Alamo!
Taxation without representation
United we stand, divided we fall
We shall overcome
We the people
Historical textual analysis: approaches and strategies
When reviewing an historical document, consider:
date / historical context
author
publisher
audience
author point of view & purpose
Review fine print, sources, in cartoons anything written, and apply your PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
what do you know about the period?
what came before it?
what followed?
what events, periods, persons may be compared or contrasted to it?
Analytical tools
HAPPy or HIPP
Historical context
(Intended) Audience
Purpose
Point of View
y
OPVL
Origin
Perspective
Value
Limitations
SPRITE
Social
Political
Religious
Intellectual
Technological
Economics
General terms to know for US History
abolitionism
aristocratic
authority
blue collar v. white collar
cession
chain migration
class warfare
''de facto'' v. ''de jure''
delegate (as noun and verb)
democracy
direct tax
disenfranchised
dissent
domestic
duties
Electoral College
emancipation
embargo
equity
excise tax
federal
franchise
hegemony/hegomonic
imperialism
indemnity
infringe / infringement
intolerance
laissez-faire
landmark court case
legitimacy
mercantilism
nativism
nullify / nullification
Old World v. New World
political
political expediency
popular sovereignty
precedent
power
prohibition
republic
"Republican motherhood"
republican principles
state
states rights
segregation
socialism
sovereignty
suffrage
tariff
temperance movement
two-party system
unalienable
unintended consequence
United States
western expansion
Wars timeline
wars are the effect or cause of change
knowing wars and their dates and geography provides context and points of comparison
Major Wars
French-Indian War, 1754-1763
American Revolutionary War, 1775-1781
War of 1812, 1812-1815
Mexican-American War, 1846-1848
Civil War, 1861-1865
Spanish-American War, 1898
Phillipine Insurgency, 1899-1902
World War I (U.S.), 1917-1918
White Russian War, 1917
World War II (U.S.) 1941-1945
Korean War, 1950-1953
Vietnam War, 1959-1975
Vietnam, U.S. ground war: 1965-1972
Gulf War, 1990-1991
War on Terror, 2001-2021
Afghanistan War, 2001-2021
Iraq War, 2003-2011
Iraqi Insurgency, 2003-2006
Colonial Wars
Anglow-Powhatan Wars (1610-1646)
Beaver Wars, 1609-1701 (French/Dutch)
Jamestown Massacre, 1622
Pequot War (1634-1638)
King Philip's War, 1675-1678 | Metaomb's War
King William's War, 1689-1897
Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713
Yamasee War, 1715-1717
Chickasaw Wars, 1721-1763
Dummer's War, 1722-25
Pontiac's War, 1763-1766
Lord Dunmore's War, 1774
American settlers or frontier wars
Bacon's Rebellion 1676
Regulator Insurrection, 1766-1771
Whiskey Rebellion, 1791-1794
Fries's Rebellion, 1799-1800
US Indian Wars
(see above for colonial-era Indian wars)
Creek War (Tecumseh)
Seminole Wars
Sioux Wars (including Pine Ridge Campaign / Dance movement / Battle of Wounded Knee)
** Note that French push/pull factors were more directly related to trade, economic opportunity and Catholic evangelization
English colonial period
Note:
Britain held colonial possessions in the Caribbean region, as well as the thirteen colonies and portions of Canada
following smaller wars and the worldwide French-Indian War (Seven Years War), Britain sequentially took France's Canadian possessions as well as its landholdings between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.
Levels of British control of the colonies rose and fell according to domestic British politics and its international priorities.
The American Revolution was largely the result of the exercise of direct control of colonial affairs that followed the French-Indian War.
Colonial political, economic and social
Types of Colonies
Corporate Charter
Proprietary Colony
Royal Colony
Colony Characteristics
Maryland
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Pennsylvania
Virginia
British colonial period terms & events
Appalachian Mountains
Bacon’s Rebellion
Deism
Jonathan Edwards
the Great Awakening
headright system
House of Burgesses
indentured servitude
Jamestown
redemptioner system
John Rolfe
John Smith
Joint Stock Company
King Philip’s War, 1675-1678
Lord Baltimore
"Lost Colony"
Massachusetts Bay Colony
migration push/ pull factors
Native American & English relations
Navigation Acts, 1663, 1673, 1696
New England town meetings
Pequot War, 1636-37
Puritan/s
Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713|}}
salutary neglect
slave codes
Map of the Province of Pennsylvania
William Penn
yeoman
French Indian War (Seven Years War)
1754-1763
Origins and indirect causes of the French-Indian War
Long term causes:
French colonial expansion across the Great Lakes, the Ohio Valley and along the Mississippi River
English colonial expansion in western New York and Pennsylvania
Indirect causes:
English v. French rivalry over easter and central North American lands and trade routes
Treaty of Utrecht, 1713: France ceded Nova Scotia to the British and abandoned its claims to Newfoundland
Indian rivalries and warfare, especially between French-aligned Algonquins and British-aligned Iroquois tribes and nations
Direct causes of the French-Indian War =
the immediate cause of the war was the growing presence of English colonials across the Appalachian Mountains and into the Ohio Valley
the French and their Indian allies opposed these settlements
1753-54: Virginia militia expeditions sent to challenge French expansion in the Ohio Valley via building of a series of forts
May 1754: fighting breaks out at Ft. Duquesne and Ft. Necessity
a site of considerable contention was Fort Duquesne at present-day Pittsburg, as the location was at the confluence of two major rivers leading into the Ohio River
sparked by an unsuccessful British and colonial attacks on French forts in Pennsylvania
in 1753, George Washington 1753 delivered a message to the French at another Fort in Pennsylvania demanding French evacuation from the region
on July 3, 1754, as a colonel in the Virginia Militia, Washington led an attack upon the French Ford Necessity; he lost and had to surrender
British regular Army, along with colonial militias (and including Washington), reorganized and attacked another French fort, Fort Duquesne on Sept. 14, 1758, and also lost
there were 500 French and Indian soldiers
and 400 British regulars and 350 colonial militia
the British eventually took Ft. Duquesne in 1758 (renaming it Ft. Pitt), and the focus of the war moved toward Canada and the St. Lawrence River waterways, particularly the French city Quebec.
the American-sparked war turned global as Britain and France squared off against one another and their allies in Continental Europe, the Caribbean, Africa, India and China
after going well for France and its allies at first, the British scored significant victories starting 1758 and, especially, in 1759 ("Annus Mirabillus") and 1762.
depleted financially and in resources, both France and England met at Paris to negotiate an end to the War, resulting in the Treaty of Paris of 1763, which divided up colonial holdings, giving Britain control of North America east of the Mississippi.
the French-Indian War and the British government response to its aftermath set the conditions for the American Revolution.
French-Indian War terms
French and British positions at the start of the War British North America and New France and Allies. This Map also shows both the Iroquois and Wabanaki Confederacies, who were both influential in the war on the British and French sides respectively.
Albany Conference, 1754
Albany Plan
Algonquian Indians
Annus Mirabilis of 1759
Fort Duquesne
Iroquois Confederacy
Ohio Company of 1748
Proclamation of 1763
Treaty of Paris of 1763
Paxton Boys
William Pitt
Regulators
American Revolution
Timeline of the American Revolution
Year
Major Events
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Notes on the American Revolution
the "American Revolution" refers generally to the period between the French-Indian War and, either the breakout (1775/76) or end of the Revolutionary War (1781/83)
the war itself is called "The Revolutionary War"
the logic for the terminology is that the pre-War period was "revolutionary" in the sense that the colonists went from identifying as "Englishmen" (subjects of the King of England) to an independent "American" people;
their choices, rebellions, self-identity, philosophy, etc. went through a "revolutionary" change
"revolution" is from Latin revolvere for "turn, roll back" and in its political sense means a "great change in affairs" or "overthrow of an established political order"
students will be expected to evaluate the origins, causes and consequences of the American Revolution
and, less importantly but expected nonetheless, of the events and outcomes of the Revolutionary War
Influence of Enlightenment thought and thinkers
Enlightnment
John Locke
Montesquieu
natural rights
Social contract
American Revolution general terms
ABC Boards
Boston Massacre
Boston Tea Party
Circulatory Letter
committees of correspondence
Common Law
Common Sense
Continental Association
Continental Congresses
Continental Association
Declaration of Independence
direct representation
Enlightenment philosophers
First Continental Congress
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms
Dunmore's War
''Gaspee'' affair
Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer
Lexington/Concord
Loyalist
Minutemen
Navigation Acts
Nonimportation movement
Olive Branch Petition
Patriot
Popular Sovereignty
Revolutionary flags
social contract theory
Sons of Liberty
Stamp Act Congress
Vice admiralty courts
Vice admiralty court
virtual representation
Writs of Assistance
British Laws & Regulations
The laws passed by Parliament following the French-Indian War were designed for two primary purposes:
raise revenue from the colonies in order to defer the costs of the Seven Years War
exercise greater control over colonial affairs and governance
Notably, new taxes and rules marked a shift away from "mercantilism," which was designed to trade relations between the Britain and the colonies would benefit Britain. Instead, these new taxes were intended to maximize revenue, which meant many of them were actually lower than before (under the theory that lower taxes would result in greater compliance and less smuggling and corruption).
Chronology of Colonial Acts
Year
Act
1763
Sugar Act
1764
Currency Act
1765
Stamp Act
1765
Quartering Act
1766
Declaratory Act
1767
Townshend Acts
1767
Revenue Act
1773
Tea Act
1774
Quebec Act
1775
Coervice Acts
("Intolerable Acts")
Below are these acts, alphabetically. Students should memorize their dates and chronology (thus the definition list does not immediately show dates) in order to build a strong sense of causality between them and the larger context of the American Revolution as it turned into the Revolutionary War.
Coercive Acts
Currency Acts
Declaratory Act
Intolerable Acts
Quartering Act
Quebec Act
Stamp Act
Revenue Act
Sugar Act
Tea Act
Townshend Acts
Revolutionary Era people
English
British Leaders
Leader
Dates
Policy
Pitt the Elder
prosecution of Seven Years War
Lord Bute
1760-1763
mild reform
George Grenville
strong reform
strong reform
Lord Rockingham
1765-1766
compromise
William Pitt (the younger) & Charles Townshend
1766-1770
strong reform
Lord North
1770-1782
coercion
reform = adjust policy to exercise British interests over those of colonies
compromise = attempting to meet colonial demands while pleasing hard-liners in England
coercion = demanded full colonial compliance
English leaders who played important roles in the American Revolution
George Grenville
Lord North
Charles Townshend
American Revolutionary Era leaders
John Adams
Samuel Adams
John Dickinson
Lord Dunmore
Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Paine
George Washington
American Revolution flowcharts
Origins
British & Colonial responses
Cycle of Escalation
Repeal of Stamp Act to Boston Massacre
Repeal Townsend Acts to Boston Tea Party
Intolerable Acts to Colonial Organization
Revolutionary War battles
names are usually preceded with "Battle of..."
Bunker Hill
Lexington and Concord
Long Island
Saratoga
Valley Forge
Yorktown
Revolutionary War flowchart
Creation of the United States: Articles of Confederation & U.S. Constitution
"united States" was first used (or prominently used) in the Declaration of Independence
but the term "united" was a modifier, not proper noun.
The Second Continental Congress officially adopted the name "united Colonies" (lower case "united") on Sept. 9, 1776,
as it was also termed in the Declaration of Independence (" The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America").
the Articles of Confederation, first drafted in June, 1776, then when adopted in 1781, stated, "The stile of this confederacy shall be 'The United States of America'" (capitalized "United", and so now a proper noun).
on March 4, 1789, when the Constitution was formally adopted , the named the country "United States" and called the Constitution, "this Constitution for the United States of America."
Articles of Confederation Period
Articles of Confederation
proposed in June, 1776, adopted by the various states starting with Virginia in Dec., 1777, officially adopted with Maryland's ratification on Feb 2, 1781 (Delaware ratified it Feb 1, 1779; all other states ratified it across 1778).
Shay’s Rebellion
confederation
sovereignty
supermajority
unicameral
U.S. Constitution
3/5ths Compromise
amendment process
anti-Federalists
bicameral
Bill of Rights
checks and balances
Connecticut Compromise
Constitution
elastic clause
electoral college
Federalists
Federalism
Federalist no. 10
Federalist no. 51
Federalist Papers
Federalists
George Washington
Great Compromise
impeachment
James Madison
New Jersey Plan
Northwest Ordinance
preamble
preamble to the Constitution
ratification
separation of powers
strict vs. loose interpretation
unwritten Constitution
Virginia Plan
Early Republic
>> this list to be sorted between periods and themes
bankers and manufacturers wand "hard money" (gold/silver & bank instruments based on them = stable and higher return on investment)
Adams presidency
While Adams was elected Washington's Vice President for both terms, and Adams was elected President in 17986 by
Alien & Sedition Acts
British-French conflict & Napoleonic Wars
impressment
Midnight Appointments
Principles of '98
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Jefferson era
Aaron Burr
Louisiana Purchase
Revolution of 1800:
Marshall Court
Marbury v. Madison (1804)
McColloch v. Maryland (1819)
Dartmouth v New Hampshire
< others
Madison & Monroe
War of 1812
Following border tensions, frontier disputes over the British arming of native tribes, and outrage at British impressment of American sailors, American militia and naval forces attacked British Canada. The British attached Baltimore and Washington DC, which was burned in retaliation for American burning of the Canadian capital at Ottawa. The war ended a parity with not major advantage to either side. But despite a clear victory, the Americans considered it a great success for having fended off the strongest empire in the world, and the war led to greater American unity and the "Era of Good Feelings."
Panic of 1819|as the nation grew, banks issued more and more "unsecured" loans (i.e. loans that were not directly backed by bank deposits), which went most dominantly towards land acquisition and farming expansion; following the end of the Napoleonic Wars, agricultural prices dropped as production exceeded demand, and farm commodity prices collapsed (especially cotton and wheat); as a result, farmers could not pay back loans and sold land and lower and lower prices to cover their debts}}
Era of Good Feelings
Alexis de Tocqueville
Democracy in America
50th Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence
LaFayette tour
Economic changes
The Appalachian watershed provided almost unlimited opportunity for building of mills and dams to serve them. In Massachusetts,
commercial versus sustenance farming|into the 1800s, farming became more connected to markets and thus more specialized; rather than farming to meet a family's needs, which would require both crops and animals, farms increasingly specialized in one or the other, and sold their production in exchange for (via currency) other food and goods; canals, dams, mills, rivers and roads provided access for these farmers to markets for their goods
Commonwealth system|favorable laws, loans and public policy withing states towards transportation, industrial enterprises, etc. under the idea that such preferences were "for the common welfare"
dams
eminent domain
Lancaster Turnpike
mills|from 1809 to 1817, the number of "spinner mills" (just one type of mill) grew from 8,000 to 330,000; spinner mills created yarn from wool and replaced hand-run spinners
Mill Dam Act of 1795|Massachusetts law that granted dam owners rights to build dams that flooded farmland, forcing them to accept "fair compensation" for the lost land, without possibility of stopping the dam itself
turnpikes
Social changes
aristocracy| built on primogeniture, which passes "titles" -- social, economic and political ranks granted by a king -- to the first born son; the end of primogeniture dissolved the ability to pass on large estates to a single child (75% under the English custom) and spread inherited wealth across all male, and, eventually, female, children
companionate marriage: marriage by choice and not family arrangement; marks dramatic change based upon the "democratic" principle of equality and pursuit of happiness; the idea that marriage is a choice also led to a growing acceptance of divorce within legal and social norms (a long process)
democratic society| reflects the idea that all men are born equal (originally, white males) and so social choices and reputations are based not upon one's birth but one's personal reputation
demographic transition| the early Republic experienced dramatic decreases in the overall birthrate due to westward migration by young men, economic and market growth which reduced the need for large families
sentimentalism| movement of early 1800s that emphasized personal happiness over social obligations and roles
primogeniture
Antebellum period
"Antebellum" means "before war", i.e. period before or leading up to the Civil War
Antebellum people
John Quincy Adams
John Calhoun
Henry Clay
Andrew Jackson
Martin Van Buren
Daniel Webster
Jacksonian period
Bank War
Corrupt Bargain
Force Bill
Great Triumvirate
Jacksonian democracy
Indian Removal Act
Nullification Crisis
Petticoat affair
Postal Service
Panic of 1837
Second Party System
Tariff of 1833
Trail of Tears
Worcester v. Georgia
U.S. presidential election popular vote totals as a percentage of the total U.S. population. Note the surge in 1828 (extension of suffrage to non-property-owning white men), the drop from 1890 to 1910 (when Southern states disenfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites), and another surge in 1920 (extension of suffrage to women).
Jacksonian democracy
party machine
spoils system
universal (white) male suffrage
Antebellum Events, people, politics
Gadsden Purchase
Gold Rush of 1849
Know Nothings
manifest destiny
Mexican American War
Republic of Texas
sectionalism
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Economics
artisanal republicanism"
banks
cotton gin| invented by Eli Whitney, the "gin"
division of labor
Erie Canal
hub city
journeyman
labor theory of value
land speculation
Francis Cabot Lowell
machine tools
market revolution |
mineral-based economy
Cyrus McCormick
middling class
self-made man
Samuel Sellars & Sellers family
Samuel Slater
stock market
transportation revolution
unions
unskilled worker
Waltham-Lowell System
Eli Whitney
Slavery
abolition/ abolitionism/ abolitionist
American Anti-Slavery Society
American Colonization Society
amalgamation
{{#tip-text:chattel principle| or "bill of sale principle" that held
coastal trade
emancipation
Gabriel's Rebellion
gag rule
Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
inland system
manumission
"positive good" argument
Nat Turner's Rebellion|1831
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Underground Railroad
Anti-slavery activists/ people
Frederic Douglas
William Lloyd Garrison
Grimke sisters
Sojourner Truth
Theodore Weld
Social reform
By the 1840s, various reform movements arose, some of which combined or overlapped, such as women's rights and abolitionism (not all abolitionists supported women's rights, or in the same way). Other movements included religious and quasi-religious social movements, as well as artistic and literary movements, that reflected the spirit of reform and social and political transformation. These included the Second Great Awakening, Mormonism and other religious cults, and transcendentalism.
Other reform movements included improving education, prisons and treatment of the insane
Note that certain Christian ideology deeply influenced these movements, as well as abolition
See also section above on Slavery
anti-Catholicism
cult of domesticity
Declaration of Sentiments
lyceum movement
Nativism
Philadelphia Women's Anti-Slavery Convention
Seneca Falls Convention
separate sphere
suffrage
Temperance movement
Treatise on Domestic Economy, 1841
Reformers
Lyman Beecher
Charles Finney
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Transcendentalism/ Second Great Awakening
Adventist/ Adventism| religious movement started in the 1830s by a Baptist preacher (William Miller) who claimed that Christ's Second Coming would occur in 1843 or 1844; the movement is reflective of the Second Great Awakening and its democratization of religious belief
Hudson Valley artistic movement
Herman Melville & "Moby Dick"
Naturalism
Second Great Awakening
Henry David Thoreau
transcendentalism
Walden Pond
Ralph Waldo Emerson
pre-Civil War
The Antebellum period goes all the way to the Civil War, however in the 1850s decade leading up to the Civil War, events accelerated and more direct causes for the War become apparent
the value of the New York Stock Exchange was measured in value by the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA, also known as "the DOW"; it is still used, but among other measures);
the market rose from about 150 in January of 1927 to a peak of 381 in August of 1929.
it started dropping through September into October, before its precipitous drop to 237 on Oct 29
it stabilizied in early 1930, then in May continued a long drop to its low of 41 on July 8, 1932; the DOW did not reach 381 until 1954
Black Thursday
Black Monday
Black Tuesday
"buying on margin"
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
Hoovervilles
margin call
speculative bubble
FDR Administration & Great Depression
100 Days
20th Amendment
21st Amendment
bank run
Brain Trust
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO, started 1938)
fireside chats
Harry Hopkins
NRA
"New Deal"
Francis Perkins
Social Security
Supreme Court
"We have nothing to fear but fear itself"
New Deal legislation & Federal Agencies
Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933
World War II
pre-WWII
A Philip Randolph
America First Committee
appeasement
Battle of Britain
“cash and carry”
election of 1940
isolationism
Lend-Lease Act
Lindburgh
Maginot Line
Munich Agreement
"Peace for our time"
Poland invasion
Sudetenland
U.S. Neutrality Acts
"war footing"
war preparations
WWII
"arsenal of democracy"
D-Day
Eastern Front
Hiroshima, Nagasaki
Homefront
Island Hopping
Japanese Internment Camps
Korematsu v. U.S.
Manhattan Project
mechanized warfare
propaganda
rationing
recycling
Rosie the Riviter
Truman’s decision
"Victory Gardens"
war bonds
Post-War plans/ conferences
Potsdam Conference
Tehran Conference
Yalta Conference
End of WWII
22nd amendment
Nuremburg Trials
United Nations
Latter-half 20th Century
Notes:
WWII was the last conflict entered by official Declaration of War by Congress
all other post-WWII "wars" have been without actual declaration of war
the U.S. has entered most of these wars through a combination of Executive Action and Congressional approval, either for a military action or funding thereof
a key component of post-WWII US History for students to grapple with is the dramatic change to worldwide involvement and/or adventurism and the various justifications for them
students should understand American "hegemony" and reaons for American worlwdide dominance and the extent to which it may be considered economic, political cultural imperialism
Early Cold War Foreign Affairs
Berlin crisis / Berlin airlift
Bretton Woods Conference
capitalism
Chiang Kai-shek
China, loss of
communism
containment policy
George F. Kennan
Greek Civil War
ideology/ ideological
Iron Curtain / Iron Curtain speech
Israel/ Palestine
Long Telegram / Article “X”
Mao Zedong
Marshall Plan
NATO
NATO/Warsaw Pact
NSC-68
proxy war
SEATO
sphere/s of influence
Suez Canal Crisis
Truman Doctrine
Turkey
United Nations
UK sterling crisis
Warsaw Pact
Atomic age
atmospheric testing
atomic testing
bombers
A-bomb
Chinese bomb (Taiwan incident)
German scientists
H-bomb
brinkmanship
ICBM
Nike missile system
MAD/ mutually-assured destruction
anti-ballistic missile
nuclear shield
Korean War
Truman v. Gen. MacArthur
Chinese Revolution
Cold War diplomacy
East, the
hegemony / hegemonic power
nation-building
Palestine partition
Security Council
Third World
unaligned nations
United Nations
West, The
Eisenhower period
CIA
containment
containment in Asia
containment in Europe
containment in Latin America
containment in the Middle East
Cuba
Domino Theory
Dwight Eisenhower
Eisenhower Doctrine
HUAC Committee
Joseph McCarthy
Marshall Plan
McCarthyism
"military industrial complex" (1958/9?)
Suez crisis
Domestic US Cold War
Executive Order 9835
Second Red Scare
McCarthyism
HUAC
Hollywood 10
McCarren Act
Rosenbergs
Alger Hiss
Space Race
Kennedy
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Berlin Wall
CIA activity under Kennedy
Cuban Missile Crisis
Domino Theory
Bay of Pigs
Hot-Line
Robert F. Kennedy
Limited Test Ban Treaty
quarantine v. blockade
Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
Peace Corps
Vietnam War
French involvement, 1954-1955
US involvement, 1959-1973
Eisenhower period of Vietnam War
Dien Bien Phu
Kennedy period of Vietnam War
JFK
Robert McNamara
"Whiz Kids"
“flexible response”
advisors
Camelot
assassination
Johnson period of Vietnam War
bombing campaigns
escalation
Gulf of Tonkin Incident (1964)
Tet Offensive (1968)
Walter Cronkite
U.S. public opinion
Vietnamization
War Powers Acts
Gulf of Tonkin
Attrition
Hearts and Minds
Rolling Thunder
My Lai Massacre
Escalation
Nixon period of Vietnam War
China
Operation Linebacker II
Christmas bombings
"silent majority”
Paris Peace Accords
Bombing of Laos and Cambodia
Paris Peace Accords
opening of China
Kissinger
Pentagon Papers
White House protests
Vietnam War protest movements
draft, the
hippies
protests
Kent State
Jackson State
post-Nixon
Fall of Saigon
Cambodian genocide
Pol Pot
post-WWII Domestic U.S
1950s culture
baby boom
"Fair Deal" (1945-49)
suburbia
rock'n'roll
conformity
Interstate Highway Act
Civil Rights
“Little Rock Nine”
Brown v. Board of Education
civil disobedience
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Executive Order 9981
Jackie Robinson
Malcolm X
March on Washington
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Montgomery bus boycott
nonviolence
Voting Rights Act of 1965
George Wallace
Other Civil Rights and Political Movements
American Indian Movement (AIM)
Cesar Chavez
Chicano Movement
environmentalism
Grapes Boycott
Michael Harrington
"Incorporation" Cases
Roe v. Wade
Silent Spring
women’s liberation movement (NOW)
Wounded Knee Incident
Johnson
Great Society
War on Poverty
1970s: Nixon, Ford & Carter
Watergate
pardoning of Nixon
stagflation
Afghanistan
Olympic boycott
Iranian hostage crisis
OPEC
oil embargo
Camp David Accords
Reagan era
Iran-Contra Affair
John Stockton
Reykjavík Summit
Berlin speech
Landslide
Star Wars
"Reagan Revolution”
Reaganomics
Supply-side economics
End of the Cold War
George HW Bush
Military spending cuts
Gulf War
Bill Clinton
Peace Dividend
NAFTA
"end of history"
service sector economy
New Immigration
Haiti
Yugoslavia and Bosnia
Rwanda
21st Century
War on Terror
September 11th
Al Queda
Afghanistan War
Iraq
Patriot Act
Obama Administration
Great Recession
ISIS
Affordable Care Act
Obama Care
DREAM Act
Third Party movements
notes
third parties represent political movements that the major parties do not accommodate
or a split within them
elections through to the 1830s had multiple candidates from the same party, so were not technically "third parties)
or they were divided geographically and/or over a particular issue or political position
Party
Election
% of Popular Vote
Notes
Anti-Masonic Party
1832
7.8%
opposed "Freemasonry" (elitist secret society that was opposed by mainstream religous groups);
the movement started wit hthe "Morgan affair", when a former Mason show spoke out against the society was murdered
Freemasons were accused of secretly controlling the government
Liberty Party
1844
2.3%
abolitionist, anti-slavery party
Free Soil
1848
10.1%
opposed expansion of slavery into new territories
former president Martin Van Buren was candidate in 1848
formed after the Mexican-American War over concerns about the expansion of slavery
the Free Soil party was mostly former Whigs who joined the Republican Party when they merged in 1854
1852
4.9%
Know Nothing (American Party)
1856
21.6%
anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic
largely made up of Whigs after the collapse of that party
the party also appealed to reformers, standing for rights of women, regulation of industry and labor, prefiguring the progressive movement
former president Millard Filmore was candidate
Four-way split
1860
Republican (Abraham Lincolon): 39.8%
Southern Democrat (John Breckinridge): 18.1%
Constitutional Union (John Bell): 12.6%
Democratic (Stephen Douglas): 29.5%
Liberal Republican
1872
43.8%
candidate Horace Greeley, publisher of the New York Tribune
opposed President Grant as corrupt and his Reconstruction policies as too harsh (wanted removal of US Army from the South)
opposed the high tariff and promoted civil service reform
the Democratic party had no national organization, so Greeley hoped to attrack their vote, but failed
Greenback Party
1876
0.99%
soft money platform, originally associated with the Grange (agricultural organization, cooperative)
anti-monopoly, anti-railroads
1880
3.35%
Prohibition Party
1884
1.5%
single issue: temperance
persisted longer than most third-party movements and influenced larger politics, with ultimate victory in the 18th amendment
1888
2.2%
1896
.094%
1900
1.51%
1904
1.92%
1912
1.38%
1916
1.19%
Populist Party
1892
8.5%
agrarian, anit-business/railroad movement
pro-soft money
Socialist Party
1904
2.98%
Eugene Debs was the candidate in 1904, 1908, 1912 & 1920 elections
1908
2.83%
1912
6%
1916
3.19%
1920
3.41%
1932
2.23%
Progressive Party
1912
27%
Teddy Roosevelt's party after split with Republican Party following its convention in 1912
Roosevelt took more votes than the Republican incumbant Taft (23.2%)
with the Republican vote split, Wilson won with 41.8% of the popular voate
Progressive
1924
16.6%
a diferent orgniazaiton form the Teddy Roosevelt's Progressive Party, which he abandoned after 1912 (he was nominated in 1916 but refused)
former Republican Robert La Follette, a progressive how refused to back Roosevelt, reformed the party in 1924
Dixiecrat
Progressive
1948
2.4%
2.4%
independent movements that were splinter factions from FDR's Democratic coalition that fell apart under Truman
Dixiecrats were souther segregationists
Progressives were FDR Democrats led by his former Vice President Henry Wallace
American Independent
1968
13.5%
led by southern Democrat George Wallace, populist, segregationist governore of Alabama who opposed Johnson's support of the Civil Rights movement
John Anderson (Independent candidate)
1980
6.6%
Republican John Anderson split from the Republican Party and ran as a "moderate" alternative to Reagan
Ross Pero (Independent candidate/ Reform Party)
1992
18.9%
populist businessman Ross Perot opposed Bush and Clinton and gained widespread support
in 1996, Perot ran on the Reform Party ticket, which he formed after 1992
1996
8.4%
Green Party
2000
2.74%
Envronmentalist and consumer activist Ralph Nader ran on the Green Party ticket and likely threw the close 2000 election to Bush, as he drew support from the Democratic left
Libertarian
2016
3.28%
Libertarian party candidate Gary Johnson gained national support for his opposition to Obama's regulatory state and in opposition to Donald Trump's candidacy as a Republican
Robert F. Kennedy (independent candidate)
2024
?
son of former Senator and assassinated 1968 presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy
running as a third-party alternative to Biden and Trump
critical of the COVID response and medical regime
Economic crises
Mississippi Company
1720
French company had Royal grant for trading rights to French colonies in Americas
to cover French government debt over Louis XIV's wars, the government allowed the compan to issue paper money backed by national debt
speculation in shares of the company led to more paper money issued, which was then put back into company shares, which led to the second largest bubble in economic history ($6.5 trillion peak value in current dollars, behind only the Dutch East India Company bubble)
Panic of 1792
1792
Short-lived panic caused by sudden credit expansion following the formation of the Bank of the United States, which led to land speculation
a group of bankers tried to drive up pricies of securities (stocks, contracts) but failed to meet their loans, causing a bank run
Alexander Hamilton stabilized the market with stock purchases by the government
Land bubble 1796
1996
Land speculation bubble that collapsed following specie payments suspension by the Bank of England, caused by a rush of bank withdrawals in England out of fear of a war with France
the imnpact and connection of London banks to the American economy worried
Panic of 1819
1819-1821
Financial crisis sparked by land speculation bubble, excess paper money, and issuance of bank notes unbacked by gold by the Second Bank of the United States
after annulment of the First National Bank in 1811, states granted charters to banks, many of which were speculative and underfinanced
the Second Bank of the United States, established in 1816, reacted to the crisis by first expanding than drastically retracting credit, which exacerbated the crisis
as Europe recovered from the Napoleonic Wars, its agricultural product increased and led to price drops, which hurt American producers, who, in turn, were unable to pay back loans
the Panic came amidst implementation of the "American System" of canal and road building and tariffs, which were blamed for the downturn
Panic of 1837
1837-1843
Major depression in which prices, profits, wages, and financial activity was severely curtailed
led to mass unemployment
impacted westward expansion and led t collapse in agricultural prices, especially cotton
started with bank runs in New York when investors demanded their deposits from banks who could not back then in gold or silver
was the worst financial crisis up until the Great Depression
the panic followed a speculative boom that was fueled by land sales, cotton exports, and extensive inflows of silver from the US, Mexico and China
President Jackson's dismantling of the Second Bank of the United States led to a disorderly unwinding of its assets and operations;
however, the Bank itself contributed to the speculative bubble through issuance of paper money and loose oversight
the Jackson administration's "Specie Circular of 1836," which was intended to halt speculation in land sales, dried up credit and helped spark the Panic
Panic of 1857
1857-1859
National financial crisis sparked by British change in requirements for gold and silver reserves for paper money
the influx of gold from the California Gold Rush greatly expanded the money supply but was also inflationary and led to excessive speculation
in the US, a finanical panic followed the collapse of a major investment company (Ohio Life Insurance and Trust)
speculation in railroads had exploded, and many were fraudulent, and after the Ohio Life company failed, prices collapsed
grain prices also experienced a bubble in the mid 1850s, which led to farmland speculation, both of which also collapsed in the Panic
Crédit Mobilier scandal
1864-1867
A railoard company created by the Union Pacific Railroad to build the eastern portion of the transcontinental railroad inflated its costs by $44 million dollars and paid bribes to politicians for laws and regulatory ruilings in its favor
the scandal was broken by a newspaper during the 1874 presidential campaign and led to a political crisis for certain members of Congress and the Republican Party in general
which along with other
Panic of 1873
1873-1877
bank runs in New York
financial crisis due to inflation and speculative investments especially in railroads
huge discoveries of silver in the west led to decline in the value of silver and the "demonitization of silver" in 1873 (Coinage Act of 1873), which lowered silver prices and thus impacted anyone invested in silver and silver mining
it led to a reduction in the money supply and higher interest rates, which hurt debtors, especially farmers
impacted Europe
started the "Long Depression," 1873-1879
Panic of 1893
1893-1897
Econoic depression that was sparked by the failure of an Argentine bank, Baring Brothers, which collapsed over crops price collapse,
which led to a run on American gold reserves by European investors who were facing losses there and in South Africa and Australia
a railroad company collepse just before Grover Cleveland's 2nd inauguration led him to ask Congress to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which had forced the Government to purchase Silver in order to prop up its value, which was depleting the Government's gold reserves
bank and railroad failures followed, with subsequent securities (stocks) and commodities price drops
in 1895 the Government issued "Treasury bonds" which were purchased, by arrangement, by banks, especially the Morgan Bank of New York, but which helped stabilize Government gold reserves and general economic confidence
