Turning points

Turning Points (or Paradigm Shifts)

Objectives:

• to evaluate change and its causes and effects
• to comprehend and compare time, change, and causality
• to evaluate why change does not occur (stability v. change)
• to comprehend that different things take place at different places and times across history (Contingency)

Note:

• this page can be used alternatively with timelines, or be used to generate timelines

Prehistory

Paleolithic Age

• Early Hominids
  • fire
  • tools
• domestication of dogs
• Cro-Magnum man:
  • >> link to early modern humans page

[Ice Age]

• settlement of the Americas

{End of Ice Age] (Holocene Era)

• Natufian society
• settlement
• rise of the oceans

Neolithic Age

• semi-permanent or permanent settlement
  • domestication of plants
  • domestication of herd animals

Rise of Civilization

• metal working
  • Copper Age
  • Bronze Age
• domestication of horses for transportation
• domestication of camels for transportation
• rise of cities and complex social structures

Civilization

writing

• oral traditions made permanent with writing
• written law (Hammuarabi's Code)

technologies

• Iron Age
  • mass
• astronomy & mathematics
  • navigation
  • architecture
  • warfare

empires

• Akkadian empire (first empire)
• Qin Dynasty
• Persian empire
• Roman empire

Classical period

• Hellenistic Age
• Athens
• Rome

key events and years 4000 BC to 1 AD

Bronze Age Collapse c. 1200 BC (wikipedia)

1177 BC

• Bronze Age Collapse

1 AD

• birth of Christ

key events and years 1 AD to modern period

313

• Edict of Milan: officially tolerates Christians across Roman Empire

325

• Constantine the Great unifies Roman empire

476

• Collapse of western Roman empire

632 Mohammad dies

732

• Battle of Tours

1206

• Genghis Kahn arises

1215

• Magna Carta

1453

• Fall of Byzantium to Ottomans

1455

• Gutenberg invents moveable type press

1487

• Aztec completion of the Sixth Temple at the Templo Mayor in Tenochtitlan
  • the population of Tenochtitlan was between 200,000-400,000 (see Tenochtitlan)

1488

• Portuguese reach Indian Ocean via Africa Bartolomeu Dias

1492

• Columbus discover of America
• other
  • Machiavelli

1517

• Luther's 95 Theses
• sparks Protestant Reformation

1588 English defeat of Spanish Armada

• rise of Britain
• decline of Spain

1648

• Treat of Westphalia ends 30 Years War
• ruinous political and religious war ends w/ independent German states able to choose religion (protestant v. Catholic)

1688

• British Glorious Revolution
  • ended British divine rule and affirmed Parliament's power

1740

• Federick the Great of Prussia
• Catherine the Great of Russia
• balance of power shifts away from Austria

1776

• Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776

1789

• US Constitution affirmed and election / inauguration of Washington as 1st president
• French Revolution

1815

• Congress of Vienna restores monarchies after fall of Napoleon

1848

• popular & radical revolts in Europe fail

1870

• unification of Germany

1914-18 WWI

1917

• Russian communist revolution

1929

• Stock Market crash

1930s

• Great Depression
• rise of Hitler and the German National Socialist Party (Nazi)

1939-45

• WWII

1989

• collapse of Soviet Union

Modern technologies

• Franklin Stove
• lightning rod
• Thomas Crapper
• electricity
• automobile
• medicine
• modern Air Conditioner 1902 by Willis Carrier
• first home air conditioner, 1914
• installation of air conditioners in motive theaters: 1925
• common use of air conditioners in homes: 1950s
  • sources:
    • History of Air Conditioning

See also

• Ages of Man - the ancient Greek mythological stages of mankind (Golden Age, Silver Age, Bronze Age, Heroic Age, Iron Age)