Virginia SOL Biology
Vocabulary
hypothesis
- a theory or explanation drawn from evidence
- but not yet proven
observation
- in the lab
- in the field (nature)
valid / validity
analysis = to look into something to see how it works
scientific reasoning
nature of science
> science = identifying knowledge
>> science is the investigation into how stuff works and why (rocks, biology, electricity, etc. )
= a process
scientif reasoning = ways to think about and do science
1. observation (in lab or in the field)
2. hypothesis > to make an "idea" (thesis)
= a theory or to make theory
> an educated guess about an observation
> = estimate of what the evidence tells us
> a theory drawn from evidence
<< hypothesis is not proven (not confirmed)
testing confirms a hypothesis
3. variable = is the thing we want to test
variables are what we do not know
4. constants = what we arleady know
in a lab we observe, we make hypothesis, and we test it...
we test is 1. variable and other constants
variable = what will change
constant = what stays the same
we conduct an experiment to test the validity of our hypothesis
contaminate
>> to add something that does not belong
>> to infect, or make impure (= not pure, not 100% of something. Ex.: touching my fyfiniger in the beaker of water "contaminates" it bc what was on my fin\ger is not in the water... (so I've introduced a new variable now, since my water is no longer pure (it is contaminated)
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test taking skills
ELIMINATE WRONG ANSWERS!DO NOT CHOOSE RIGHT ANSWERS!!
Observation
lab and field
controls and variables
contamination << creates a new variable that messes up the experiment
Constant
temp 20
temp 20
temp 20
temp 10 < = not constant
species= a type of organism
replication = a species increasing its population
> replicate = copy, make more of
>> cells divided and replicate
>> DNA replicates
>>
vocab/ skills:
graphing
data to tables
lab rules / procedures (goggles, apron, gloves etc.)
contamination
> proper handling of materials/ slides w/ specimins (things to study)
Cell theory
> prokaryotic cells
> eukaryotic cells
organelles:
> single cell
> whole organism
cell membrame model
> surface area
> volume
> surface to volume ratio
cell division
life processes
> how cells move materials from outside to the center of the cell
>> the more surface the more materials
>> the higher the surface to volume ration, the more energy the cell can get for its needs
> 20 um model, 10 um model, 4 um model, 2 um model
mitosis
> rapid mitosis
zygote
structure of DNA
> cell growth & division
> gamete formation ("game-T")
> cell specialization
> traits
>> inheritance of traits
>> Mendelian laws of heredity
history of DNA structural model
> Wilkins/Franklin x-rays that showed shape of DNA > "helical" (spiral)
>> helix (double spiral structure of DNA)
> structure = the form, the way the DNA is built
fossils
fossil record
organic material
Ascidian > marine (sea) organisims
>> chordates
>> other sea creatures = annelias, cnidarians, sponges
>
Chordates = origin/ ancestors of fish, birds, mammals
>> so they have common traits such as similar embryos
>> embyro = baby form (as in the womb or an egg)
genetic variation
> change in genes/ DNA
> reproductive strategies
> environmental pressures
>> survival of populations
> natural selection
> population dynamics (change in populations and what causes them)
atmosphere
photosynthesis
> oxygen
> CO2
ecosystems
> carrying capacity
> equilibrium (equal, or stable, non-changing populations)