World History empires name meanings study guide: Difference between revisions

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* "'''Caliphate'''" from "Caliph" which means successor of Muhammad
* '''Caliphate''' from "Caliph" which means successor of Muhammad
** literally translated from Arabic = "Successor of the Messenger of God"
** literally translated from Arabic = "Successor of the Messenger of God"
** the Caliph was considered ruler of the entire Muslim world (called the "umma" for "follower of Islam")
** the Caliph was considered ruler of the entire Muslim world (called the "umma" for "follower of Islam")
*** note that "umma" transcends ethnic/ tribal alliances
*** note that "umma" transcends ethnic/ tribal alliances
** Sunni Caliphs were elected or selected by Islamic leaders
** Sunni Caliphs were elected or selected by Islamic leaders
* "Islam" means "submit to God"
* '''Islam''' means "submit to God"
* "Sharia" is the Islamic law
* '''Sharia''' is the Islamic law
** includes civil, political and criminal codes governing crime, family, trade, education, daily life and routines
** includes civil, political and criminal codes governing crime, family, trade, education, daily life and routines
* "Sunni" = "community"
* '''Sunni''' = "community"
** started by Muhammad's father-in-law, Abu Bakr
** started by Muhammad's father-in-law, Abu Bakr
** Sunnis follow Caliphs
** Sunnis follow Caliphs
* "Shi'a" or "Shiite" is from "Shi'aat Ali" for "followers of Ali"  
** Sunni religious rule is decentralized and localized
* '''Shi'a''' or '''Shiite''' is from "Shi'aat Ali" for "followers of Ali"  
** Ali was Muhammad's son-in-law and the husband of his daughter, Fatima
** Ali was Muhammad's son-in-law and the husband of his daughter, Fatima
** Shiites did not recognize the first three Caliphates as legiitimate
** Shiites did not recognize the first three Caliphates as legiitimate
** Shi'a religious and political rule is centralized and extremely antagonistic towards Sunnis
* '''Sayyid''' is a title of descendancy from Muhummad
** Sunni rules for the title require expertise on the Koran
** Shia claims for the title are more political
** "Sharif" comes from "sayyid"
|[[File:Map of expansion of Caliphate.svg|thumb|Map of expansion of Islamic rule: - Expansion under Muhammad, 622-632- Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632-661- Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750|none|250x250px]]
|[[File:Map of expansion of Caliphate.svg|thumb|Map of expansion of Islamic rule: - Expansion under Muhammad, 622-632- Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632-661- Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750|none|250x250px]]
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* did not establish a monarchy, so succession was not hereditary
* did not establish a monarchy, so succession was not hereditary
* all four Rashidun Caliphs were related to Muhammad through marriage
* all four Rashidun Caliphs were related to Muhammad through marriage
[[File:IslamicConquestsIroon.png|thumb|Political alignment at eve of Muslim conquest of Middle East: - Byzantine Empire controlled Asia Minor, Greece, Levant (eastern coast of Mediterranean) and North Africa - Sasanian Empire controlled Peria and Mesopotamia
- Rashidun Caliphate controls Arabia and was highly expansionist|alt=|left|250x250px]]
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* Persian
* Persian
* also called "Safavid Dynasty"
* also called "Safavid Dynasty"
* started by Shah Ismail I
** hated Sunnis and forcibly converted Iran to Shi'a
** he enforced "ritual cursing" of the 1st three Sunni Caliphs
* took title "Shahanshah" for "king of kings" ("Shah" = king)
* Safavid rulers claimed "sayyid" (or "sharif" for descendancy from Muhammad
|1501-1736
|1501-1736
|Persia
|Persia, conquered  Baghdad in 1508 (in modern day Iraq)
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* made Shi'a Islam official and forcibly converted Sunni Muslims
* made Shi'a Islam official and forcibly converted Sunni Muslims
** the change put the empire at odds w/ the Sunni Ottomans
** the change put the empire at odds w/ the Sunni Ottomans
* one of the "gunpowder empires"
* one of the "gunpowder empires"
* Safavid empire origins are multicultrual
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Other dynasties, empires or concepts:
=== Gunpower empires ===
[[File:Islamic Gunpowder Empires.jpg|thumb|Islamic Gunpowder Empires|alt=Islamic Gunpowder Empires.jpg|none]]-->
[[Category:World History]]
[[Category:World History]]
[[Category:AP World History]]
[[Category:AP World History]]
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[[Category:Social Studies skills]]