Virginia SOL Biology

Vocabulary

hypothesis

• a theory or explanation drawn from evidence
• but not yet proven

observation

• in the lab
• in the field (nature)

valid / validity

analysis = to look into something to see how it works

scientific reasoning

nature of science

> science = identifying knowledge

>> science is the investigation into how stuff works and why (rocks, biology, electricity, etc. )

= a process

scientif reasoning = ways to think about and do science

1. observation (in lab or in the field)

2. hypothesis  > to make an "idea" (thesis)

= a theory or to make theory

> an educated guess about an observation

   > = estimate of what the evidence tells us

   > a theory drawn from evidence

<< hypothesis is not proven (not confirmed)

   testing confirms a hypothesis

3. variable = is the thing we want to test

variables are what we do not know

4. constants = what we arleady know

in a lab we observe, we make hypothesis, and we test it...

we test is 1. variable and other constants

variable = what will change

    constant = what stays the same

we conduct an experiment to test the validity of our hypothesis

contaminate

  >> to add something  that does not belong

>> to infect, or make impure (= not pure, not 100% of something.  Ex.: touching  my fyfiniger in the beaker of water "contaminates" it bc what was on my fin\ger is not in the water... (so I've introduced a new variable now, since my water is no longer pure (it is contaminated)

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test taking skills

ELIMINATE WRONG ANSWERS!DO NOT CHOOSE RIGHT ANSWERS!!

Observation

lab and field

controls and variables

contamination << creates a new variable that messes up the experiment

Constant

temp 20

temp 20

temp 20

temp 10    < = not constant

species= a type of organism

replication = a species increasing its population

> replicate = copy, make more of

>> cells divided and replicate

>> DNA replicates

>>

vocab/ skills:

graphing

data to tables

lab rules / procedures (goggles, apron, gloves etc.)

contamination

> proper handling of materials/ slides w/ specimins (things to study)

Cell theory

> prokaryotic cells

> eukaryotic cells

organelles:

> single cell

> whole organism

cell membrame model

> surface area

> volume

> surface to volume ratio

cell division

life processes

> how cells move materials from outside to the center of the cell

>> the more surface the more materials

>> the higher the surface to volume ration, the more energy the cell can get for its needs

> 20 um model, 10 um model, 4 um model, 2 um model

mitosis

> rapid mitosis

zygote

structure of DNA

> cell growth & division

> gamete formation ("game-T")

> cell specialization

> traits

>> inheritance of traits

>> Mendelian laws of heredity

history of DNA structural model

> Wilkins/Franklin x-rays that showed shape of DNA > "helical" (spiral)

>> helix (double spiral structure of DNA)

> structure = the form, the way the DNA is built

fossils

fossil record

organic material

Ascidian > marine (sea) organisims

>> chordates

>> other sea creatures  = annelias, cnidarians, sponges

>

Chordates = origin/ ancestors of fish, birds, mammals

>> so they have common traits such as similar embryos

>> embyro = baby form (as in the womb or an egg)

genetic variation

> change in genes/ DNA

> reproductive strategies

> environmental pressures

>> survival of populations

> natural selection

> population dynamics (change in populations and what causes them)

atmosphere

photosynthesis

> oxygen

> CO2

ecosystems

> carrying capacity

> equilibrium (equal, or stable, non-changing populations)