European Enlightenment: Difference between revisions

→‎Background and historical context & causes: building up background on economy and locke on property
(addding to montesquieu and starting legacy)
(→‎Background and historical context & causes: building up background on economy and locke on property)
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** people and institutions resist change
** people and institutions resist change
** events shape that change
** events shape that change
=== Commercial revolutions ===
* key backdrop is the growth of the private economy
** Medieval Europe & manorial feudalism
*** church-owned or heritable, aristocratic landowners via royal grants or agreements
*** agricultural or extraction labor held by landowners & taxes based on land
*** small manufactures & skilled trade controlled by guilds
** late middle-Ages Europe
*** growth in trade and movement towards taxation on trade
*** growth of towns and cities leads to commercial-based economies
** private land or structure ownership increasingly from purchase or rent and not aristocratic prerogative


=== Protestant Reformation ===
=== Protestant Reformation ===
* a significant and/or direct cause of the Enlightenment = the protestant reformation
* challenge to papal supremacy and a centralized Church
* of a product of the Protestant Reformation
* religious wars lead to tremendous destruction and loss of life
* protestant nations (Netherlands, German states, England)


=== Age of Discovery ===
=== Age of Discovery ===
* European expeditions around Africa, across the Atlantic and ultimately across the Pacific
* = a challenge to Europe-centric view of the world, exposure to different geographies and peoples


=== Scientific Revolution ===
=== Scientific Revolution ===
* = a challenge to traditional views and explanations for the world
* new views and comprehension of the physical world and its forces (physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, etc)
* scientific method as means of rational interpretation of the world


=== Technological advances ===
=== Technological advances ===
* transoceanic travel creates great diffusion of people, animals, plants, materials and ideas
* armament technologies increase lethality of war
* as it did with the protestant reformation, the printing press fueled the diffusion of ideas


== Key dates of the Enlightenment==
== Key dates of the Enlightenment==
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** separation of church and state
** separation of church and state
** property  
** property  
*** Locke argued that property is a natural right and is necesssary for happiness
*** Locke argued that property is a natural right and is necessary for happiness
** supply and demand or "price threory"
*** land ownership was traditionally seen as the property of the aristocracy
**** so Locke's views on property rights challenged centralized or aristocratic authority
** supply and demand or "price theory"
*** Locke developed the economic / monetary theory of the relationship between supply and demand
*** Locke developed the economic / monetary theory of the relationship between supply and demand
* works:
* works: