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Ancient Egypt: Difference between revisions
→Hyksos invasion
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=== Hyksos invasion === | === Hyksos invasion === | ||
'''Summary''' | |||
** Hyksos conquest result of: | * Hyksos period = 1678-1570 BC | ||
* Hyksos conquered Lower Egypt (Nile Delta region) | |||
* Hyksos rule considered Fifteenth and Sixteenth dynasties that ruled Lower Egypt only | |||
[[File:Painting of foreign delegation in the tomb of Khnumhotep II circa 1900 BCE (Detail mentioning "Abisha the Hyksos" in hieroglyphs).jpg||right|350px|thumb|A man described as "Abisha the Hyksos" | |||
(𓋾𓈎𓈉 ḥḳꜣ-ḫꜣswt, Heqa-kasut for "Hyksos"), leading a group of Aamu. Tomb of Khnumhotep II (circa 1900 BC).This is one of the earliest known uses of the term "Hyksos".(wiki)]] | |||
* Hyksos capital was at Avaras, in Northeast section of the Delta | |||
* background: | |||
** Middle Kingdom rulers were previously concerned with invasions and built defensive walls along the eastern border of the Delta (see | |||
** therefore, invasions or excursions were an ongoing concern prior to Hyksos conquest of Lower Egypt | |||
*** see: [http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/building/fortifications_2.htm "Wall of the Prince" Wall of the Prince (reshaf.org)] | |||
* Hyksos invasion possibly result of: | |||
** food supply pressures in Middle East promote migration | |||
** Middle Kingdom central control weaker than Old Kingdom | |||
** Egypt further weakened by climate change and increasing migration | |||
* "Asiatic" migration was gradual and eventually led to military conquest -- not a sudden invasion | |||
* Delta region conquered by Hyksos was less unified than Upper Egypt which Egyptians were better able to defend | |||
* impact: | |||
** invasion/migration period = Egypt no longer culturally and technologically isolated | ** invasion/migration period = Egypt no longer culturally and technologically isolated | ||
** Hyksos episode changes Egypt culturally and leads to Egyptian New Kingdom expansion and empire | ** Hyksos episode changes Egypt culturally and leads to Egyptian New Kingdom expansion and empire | ||
** Egyptians adopt Hyksos war technologies, especially bows & arrows and chariots | |||
Click EXPAND for | '''Click EXPAND for details''' | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
* Hyksos | * Hyksos were called "Asiatics" by the Egyptians (became general term for migrants from Middle East, including Hebrews) | ||
* "Hyksos" comes from the Egyptian, "heka khasewet," for "rulers of foreign lands" | * "Hyksos" comes from the Egyptian, "heka khasewet," for "rulers of foreign lands" | ||
* Hyksos ruled Lower Egypt over a mixed population of Egyptians and Middle Easterners ("proto-syrians") | * Hyksos ruled Lower Egypt over a mixed population of Egyptians and Middle Easterners ("proto-syrians") | ||
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*** told by the ancient historian Manetho | *** told by the ancient historian Manetho | ||
*** armed, barbaric invasion | *** armed, barbaric invasion | ||
*** | [[File:Chariot of Tutankhamun.jpg|thumb|right|350px|The two-wheeled horse chariot, here found in the tomb of Tutankhamun, may have been introduced to Egypt by the Hyksos.(wiki)]] | ||
*** Hyksos employed technologies Egypt didn't have: composite bows, horses and chariots, and metal body armor | |||
*** note here about Egypt: | *** note here about Egypt: | ||
**** Egyptian isolation meant that Egypt was immune from Middle Eastern warfare and its technologies; | **** Egyptian isolation meant that Egypt was immune from Middle Eastern warfare and its technologies; | ||