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* assimilation
* assimilation
** the "harmonizing" of sounds to make their articulation (speaking of) more efficient and pleasant
** thus we have ''important'' and ''intentional'', even though ''im-'' and ''in-'' mean the same thing -- their use is guided by the way our mouths form the sounds
*** see [[Euphony]]
* cognate
* cognate
** = related sounds that yield shifts in pronunciation, generally between languages that have a common origin
** = related sounds that yield shifts in pronunciation, generally between languages that have a common origin
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* because of the way letter sounds are formed by the mouth (physically)
* because of the way letter sounds are formed by the mouth (physically)
** some letters more naturally precede others
** some letters more naturally precede others
** this process is called "assimilation" or "linguistic economy"
** see [[Euphony]]
* examples:
* examples:
** "'''m'''" starts with closed lips, then open lips ("mmmah" sound)
** "'''m'''" starts with closed lips, then open lips ("mmmah" sound)
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|+Pronoun ending letter
|+Pronoun ending letter
|-
|-
|'''m & n'''
|
| -b, -m, -p
| -b, -m, -p
| -c, -d, -f, -g, -h, -j, -l, n, -r, -q, -t, -v
| -c, -d, -f, -g, -h, -j, -l, n, -r, -q, -t, -v
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|'''''un-'''''unclear, under, unfettered, unhinged, unjust, unlimited, unrest, unready, invertibrate  
|'''''un-'''''unclear, under, unfettered, unhinged, unjust, unlimited, unrest, unready, invertibrate  
|-
|-
|'''ad & a'''
|'''a & ad'''
|'''''ad-'''''addition
|'''''a-'''''  
|'''''a-'''''
abstract, amaze, apparent
|'''ad-'''addition, adhere, advertize
|-
|'''com & con'''
|compete
|context
|}
|}


== Prefixes with dual, opposite meanings ==
* some prefixes have opposite meanings
** '''''ad'''here'' = stuck to
*** ad from '''''a-''''' (adding the "d" before the h
**** '''''ad-''''' (to, into) + '''''haesitare''''' (stuck, in place)
***** "here" = from PIE root '''''*ghais'''-'' forms ''adhere, hesitate''
*** versus
** '''''a'''verse = against, disliking, hostile, unwilling''
*** '''''a-''''' (against, not) + '''''verse''''' (turn)
**** = turn against


{| class="wikitable"
|+'''''in-''''' prefix synonyms w/ opposite meanings
!prefix
!definition 1
!example
!definition 2
!example
|-
|em-
|in, into
|empathy, emphasis
|opposite of, not, out of
|empty (not full from [[PIE proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] '''*med-''')
|-
|en-
|in, into
|engine, enjoy, enter,
|opposite of, not, out of
|enemy, enmity (not of a friend)
|-
|im-
|in, into
|important
|opposite of, not, out of
|impatient (not patient)
immoral (not moral)
|-
|in-
|in, into
|insert, inspect, intrude (push into)
|opposite of, not, out of
|incredible (not believable)
incorrect (not correct)
|}
asdf
asdf
== A-B-C ==


=== a-, ab ===
== Important Prefixes ==


=== A-B-C ===
==== a-, ab ====
* ''away, away from, from, from off, down''
* ''away, away from, from, from off, down''
* also '''''ab-,abs-'''''
* also '''''ab-,abs-'''''
Line 79: Line 136:
* for more see '''''ab-'''''
* for more see '''''ab-'''''


=== ab- ===
==== ab- ====
 
* ''away, away from, from, from off, down''
* ''away, away from, from, from off, down''  
* can also mean ''into, towards''  
** PIE '''*apo-''' off, away
** PIE '''*apo-''' off, away
*** ''abstract''
*** ''abstract''
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**** PIE '''''*mregh-u''''' for short
**** PIE '''''*mregh-u''''' for short


=== ad- ===
==== ad- ====
 
* ''to, toward (space or time), in relation to, regarding''
* ''to, toward (space or time), in relation to, regarding''
** from PIE '''''*ad-''''' for to, near, at
** from PIE '''''*ad-''''' for to, near, at
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*** affection, aggression
*** affection, aggression


=== acer- ===
==== acer- ====
 
* bitter, harsh, severe, sharp, sour,  
* bitter, harsh, severe, sharp, sour,  
** ''acerbic, acrid''
** ''acerbic, acrid''
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** includes words such as ''acid, acme, acrobat, acronym, acropolis, acumen, acupuncture''
** includes words such as ''acid, acme, acrobat, acronym, acropolis, acumen, acupuncture''


=== add- ===
==== add- ====
 
* same as '''''ad-'''''
* same as '''''ad-'''''
** ''addition, addendum''
** ''addition, addendum''


=== ana- ===
==== ana- ====
 
* 1. ''up, upward, through (in place or time)''
* 1. ''up, upward, through (in place or time)''
* 2. ''back, backward, against''
* 2. ''back, backward, against''
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*** log -y "through or separate words or logic" (that mean the same thing)
*** log -y "through or separate words or logic" (that mean the same thing)


=== com- & con- ===
==== apo- ====
 
* of (as in from), from, away from, separate, free of
** PIE root '''*apo-''' "off, away"
** in these definitions synonymous with '''''ab-''''', '''''aft-''''', '''awk-''' '''''ex-''''' and '''''of-'''''
** examples:
*** after, aperitif, apocalypse, apocryphal, apology, apoplexy, apostle, apostrophe, apothecary; apotheosis; awkward; ebb; eftsoons; of; off; offal; overt.
**** ex. ''apostle'' = "one sent out from"
 
==== bi- ====
 
* two, double, twice, every other
** from PIE '''*dwo-''' "two"
**


==== co-, com- & con- ====
* mean the same thing
* mean the same thing
* together; with, joint (as in co-owner, equal to, complement of
** can also be '''''col-, cor-'''''


=== com- ===
* examples:
 
** ''coordinate''
* with
** ''cosign''
* examples
** complement = with (''com''-) + fill (-''plere'') for "add/ed to make complete"
** complement = with (''com''-) + fill (-''plere'') for "add/ed to make complete"
*** from PIE '''''*pele''''' for "to fill"
*** '''''com-''''' + from PIE '''''*pele''''' for "to fill, make complete"
**** for "with togetherness"
** compliment = cognate with Latin ''complere'' shifting to ''complire'' for "to complete"
** compliment = cognate with Latin ''complere'' shifting to ''complire'' for "to complete"
*** indicates "completion" and thus "expression of respect" for something completed or done
*** indicates "completion" and thus "expression of respect" for something completed or done
con-


== D-E-F ==
=== D-E-F ===
 
==== di- ====
 
* double, having two of
** thus "divide" = make into two
 
==== dict-, ====
 
* speak, tell
** from PIE '''*deik-''' "to show" and "to pronounce solemnly"
** words formed from the origin:
*** adbicate, addict, avenge, benediction, condition, contradict, dedicate, diction, dictionary, index, indicate, judge, judicial, predicament, predicate, predict, prejudice, revenge, toe, token, verdict,
 
==== didact- ====
 
* teaching
** from PIE '''''*dens-''''' "to learn"
** ''didactic, didactical''


=== em- & en- ===
==== digi-, ====


* finger
* thus "digit" and "digital" can be counted
==== dis- ====
==== em- & en- ====
* = mean the same  
* = mean the same  
** into
** into
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** see chart above
** see chart above


===em-===
==== em- ====
* ''put in or into, to affect, bring to the state of, distribute''
* ''put in or into, to affect, bring to the state of, distribute''
** assimilation from ''in-'' and ''into''
** assimilation from ''in-'' and ''into''
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** emotion
** emotion


=== en- ===
==== en- ====
* from PIE '''*en-''' into, to make or put


* from PIE *en, into, to make or put
==== ex-, e- ====


{| class="wikitable"
* out of, from
|+'''in-''' prefix synonyms w/ opposite meanings
* ''efface, example, exhume''
!prefix
* reduced to '''''e-''''' before ''-b, -d, -l, -m, -n, -v''
!definition 1
** elude, emerge, evaporate
!definition 2
|-
|em-
|opposite of, not
|in, into
|-
|en-
|opposite of, not
|in, into
|-
|im-
|opposite of, not
|in, into
|-
|in-
|opposite of, not
|in, into
|}
=== digi- ===


== G-H-I ==
=== G-H-I ===


=== in- ===
==== in- ====
* same as '''en-, im-, em-'''
* same as '''en-, im-, em-'''
* see entry for '''en-'''
* see entry for '''en-'''


== J-K-L ==
==== hetero- v. homo- ====
== M-N=O ==
 
== P-Q-R ==
* hetero- = different
== S-T-U ==
** heterodox,
=== sym- ===
* homo- = same
 
=== J-K-L ===
 
=== M-N-O ===
 
==== mi-, my- mys- ====
 
* from Greek m''yein'' for "to close, shut"
* = hidden, secret
** PIE '''*meue-''' for "silent", thus related to "mute"
* ''mystery, mysterious, mystic''
* ex. ''myopic''
** = close + eye  (from PIE '''*okw-''' "to see") my-
*** closed, shut
*** from Greek ''myein'' "to shut"
**** with m- negating
 
==== mis- ====
 
* = badly, wrongly
** from PIE '''*mei-''' "to change"
* ''misfire, mistake, misunderstand''
 
==== mo- ====
 
* from PIE '''*meue-''' "to push away"
** note that PIE  '''*meue-''' has distinct meanings, "abundant" or "push away"
* motor, mobile, move, movement
* related to
** ''commotion, emotion, mob, mobile, moment, momentous, motif, motive, promote, remote, remove''
 
==== mono- ====
 
* = single, alone
* ''monolithic, monopoly, monotone''
 
==== myo- ====
 
* for "muscle"
* ex. myocarditis = ''myo-'' (muscle) + '''*kertd-''' (heart)
** note that "myo-" here is distinct from "my-" in myopia
 
==== myr- ====
 
* from  PIE '''*meue-''' "abundant"
 
* ''myriad'' (many, uncountable)
 
==== ob-, of- ====
 
* from Latin ''ob'' for "in the direction of, with regard to"
* from PIE '''*epi-''' or '''*opi-''' for "near, against, across"
* examples:
** epicenter, ephemera, epidemic, epidermis, epigraph
** obese, obey, obfuscate, obituary, object, oblate, oblique, oblivion, oblong,
** also
*** bishop = '''*epi''' + '''*spek-''' ("to observe") = "one who watches over"
*** cover = '''*epi-''' + '''*wer-''' (shut, wrapped)
* '''''of-''''' in this sense of:
** offend = ''ob-'' (against) + ''fendere'' (strike)
**
 
==== of-, off- ====
 
* see '''''apo-''''' (away, from, off)
* from PIE '''*apo-''' for "off, away"
 
==== of-, op- ====
 
* from PIE root '''*op-''' "to work, produce in abundance"
* "of" is cognate with "op"
** ex. office, ''official''
 
* from Latin ''officialis'' (magistrate, public official, performing public duty or service)
** from PIE root '''*op-''' "to work, produce in abundance" + ''facere'' "to make, to do" (from PIE root '''*dhe-''' "to set, put").
* examples
** official
'''op-'''
* ''operate, optimist, opulent, opus''
* also used with '''''c-''''' or '''''co-''''', as in
** ''cooperate, copious, copy''
 
=== P-Q-R ===
 
=== S-T-U ===
 
==== sym- ====
*''alike, with, together, mutual, reciprocal, at the same time''
*''alike, with, together, mutual, reciprocal, at the same time''
** assimilated with '''syn-'''
** assimilated with '''syn-'''
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* examples
* examples
** symbiosis, symbol, sympathetic,  
** symbiosis, symbol, sympathetic,  
=== syn- ===
 
==== syn- ====
*''alike, with, together, mutual, reciprocal, at the same time''
*''alike, with, together, mutual, reciprocal, at the same time''
* examples
* examples
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** sympathy
** sympathy
*** with emotion  
*** with emotion  
== V-X-Y-Z ==
 
=== V-X-Y-Z ===
 
== "Native" English Prefixes ==
Here for a  list of common prefixes that come from Old and Middle English (from [[wikipedia:English_prefix|English prefix - Wikipedia]]
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Prefix
! Meaning
! Example
|-
| a-||verb > predicative adjective with progressive aspect||afloat, atremble
|-all
|after-
|following after, behind
|aftermath, afterlife
|-
|back-
|behind an object/structure (locative/directional)
|backporch, backhoe, backfire
|-
| be- ||equipped with, covered with, beset with (pejorative or facetious)||bedeviled, becalm, bedazzle, bewitch
|-
|by-
|near to, next to
|byway, bypass, byproduct
|-
|down-
|from higher/greater to lower/lesser
| download, downright, downbeat
|-
| en-, em- || to make into, to put into, to get into || empower, enmesh
|-
| fore- || before, in front || forearm, forerunner, forebode
|-
| hind- || after || hindsight, hindquarters
|-
| mid- || middle || midstream, midlife
|-
| midi- ||medium-sized||midi-length, Midibus
|-
| mini-||small||minimarket, mini-room, minivan
|-
| mis- || wrong, astray|| misinformation, misguide, misfortune, misbehave, misspell
|-
|off-
|non-standard, away
|off-color, offish, offset
|-
|on-
|immediate proximity, locative
|onset, onlook, ongoing, oncoming
|-
| out-||better, faster, longer, farther||outreach, outcome, outlier
|-
| over-||excessive, above||overreact, overact, overbearing
|-
| self- || self || self-sufficient, self-explanatory
|-
| step-||family relation by remarriage||stepbrother, stepmother, stepfather, stepsister
|-
| twi- || two || twibill, twilight, twins
|-
| un- || not, against, opposite of||unnecessary, unequal, undesirable, unhappy
|-
| un- || reverse action, deprive of, release from || undo, untie, unexpected, unlock
|-
| under- ||below, beneath, lower in grade or dignity, lesser, insufficient ||underachieve, underpass, understand, undergo
|-
| up- || greater, higher, or better || upgrade, uplift, upright
|-
| with- || against, back, away (from)|| withstand, withhold
|}
 
==Neo-Classical prefixes==
Here for a list of prefixes that have Latin/Greek and modern origins: (from [[wikipedia:English_prefix|English prefix - Wikipedia]])
{| class="wikitable"
! Prefix
! Meaning
! Examples
|-
| a- || not, [[alpha privative]] || acyclic, asexual, atonal, atheist
|-
| Afro- || relating to Africa || Afro-American, Afro-Caribbean
|-
| ambi- ||both || ambidextrous, ambitendency
|-
| amphi- ||around, two, both, on both sides || amphiaster, amphitheatre, amphibian
|-
| an-/a- || not, without || anemic, asymmetric, anarchy
|-
| ana-, an- ||up, against || anacardiaceous, anode, analog
|-
| Anglo- ||relating to England||Anglo-Norman, Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-American
|-
| ante- || before || antenatal, antechamber, antedate
|-
| anti- || opposite, against || antagonist, antivenom
|-
| apo-, ap- || away from, detached || aphelion, apogee, apomorphine
|-
|arch-
|ruling, dominating, most extreme (pejorative)
|archangel, archaen, archconservative
|-
| astro- || star || astrobiology, astrology, astronomy
|-
| auto- || self || [[autobiography]], automatic, autonomy
|-
| bi- || two || bicycle, biped, bisexual, binomial, bigamy, binary
|-
| bio- || life, biological || biology, biotic
|-
| circum- || around, surrounding || circumlocution, circumnavigate, circumference
|-
| cis- || on this side of || cislunar, cisgender
|-
| con-, co-, com-, col-, cor- || together or with || cohabit, colleague, commingle, confederation, correlation
|-
| contra-, contro- || opposite || contradict, contraindication
|-
| counter- || against, in opposition to || counteract, counterpart
|-
| cryo- || ice|| cryogenics
|-
| crypto-||hidden, secret|| cryptography
|-
| de- || down || depress, descend
|-
| demi- || half || demigod
|-
| demo- || people || [[democracy]], [[demography]]
|-
| deuter- || second || [[deuteragonist]], deuterogamy
|-
| di- || two || dicotyledon, dioxide
|-
| dia- || through || [[dialysis (disambiguation)|dialysis]], [[diameter]]
|-
| dis-/di-/dif- || apart || differ, dissect, divide
|-
| du-/duo- || two || dual, duet
|-
| eco- || ecological || ecosystem
|-
| electro- || electric, electricity || electro-analysis, electromagnetic
|-
| en-, el-, em- || in || ellipsis, emphasis, energetic
|-
| epi-, ep- || upon, at, close upon, in addition || ephemeron, [[epicentre]], epidermis
|-
| Euro- || European || Eurocentric
|-
| ex- || out of || exit, expel, explode, exploit, explore, export
|-
| extra- || outside || extracurricular
|-
| Franco- || French, France || Francophile, Franco-British, Franco-German
|-
| geo- || relating to the earth or its surface|| [[geography]], [[geology]], [[geometry]]
|-
| gyro- || spinning on an axis || gyrocopter, [[gyroscope]], gyrosphere
|-
| hetero- || different || [[heterochromia]], heterogeneous, [[heterotroph]], heterozygous
|-
| hemi- || half || hemimorphic, hemisphere
|-
| Hispano- || Spanish, Spain || Hispanoamérica, hispanophobia
|-
| homo- || same || homogeneous, homogenize, homologous, homophone, homozygous
|-
| hydro- || relating to water, or using water ||hydroelectricity, hydrant
|-
| hyper- || excess, above, over || [[hyperthermia]]
|-
| hypo- || deficient, under or below something, low || [[hypothermia]]
|-
| ideo- || image, idea || ideograph, ideology
|-
| idio- || individual, personal, unique|| idiolect, idiopathic
|-
| in- || in, into || include, insert
|-
| Indo- || relating to the Indian subcontinent || Indo-European
|-
| in-, il-, im-, ir- || not, opposite of || illegal, illicit, impatient, impossible, inappropriate, inexact, irregular, irresponsible
|-
| infra- || below, beneath || infrared
|-
| inter-|| among, between || intercede, internet, international
|-
| intra-<ref name="inter-intra"/> || inside, within || intravenous
|-
| iso- || equal || isochromatic, isotherm
|-
| Italo- || Italian, Italy || italophilia, italophobia
|-
| macro- || long || macrobiotic
|-
| mal- || badly || malnourish, maladjusted
|-
| maxi- || very long, very large || maxi-skirt, maximum
|-
| mega-, megalo- || great, large || megastar, megalopolis
|-
| meta- || after, along with, beyond, among, behind|| metabolism, metaphysics
|-
| micro- || small || microbacillus, microscope
|-
| mono-, mon- || sole, only || monogamy, monotone, monosyllabic, monomial, monobrow
|-
| multi-, mult- || many || multicultural, multi-storey, multitude
|-
| neo- || new || neolithic, neoether
|-
| non- || not || nonexistent, non-fiction
|-
| ob- || to, against || object, obligate
|-
| omni- || all || omnipotent, omnipresent, omnivore
|-
| ortho- || correcting or straightening || orthodontics, orthotropic
|-
| paleo- || old || paleolithic
|-
| pan- || all, worldwide || pan-African, pandemic, panorama, [[pansexual]]
|-
| para- || beside, beyond || parallel, paraplegic, parasail
|-
| ped- || foot || pedal, pedestrian
|-
| pen- || almost || peninsula, penultimate, penumbra
|-
| per- || through, completely, wrongly, exceedingly || permeate, permute
|-
| peri- || around, near or adjacent || perihelion, periphrase
|-
| photo- || light || photoelectric, photography, photosynthesis
|-
|pleo-
|more
|pleonasm, pleroma
|-
| pod- || foot || podiatrist
|-
| poly- || many || polygon, polyhedron, polygamy
|-
| post- || after || postfix, postpone, postscript
|-
| pre- || before || predict, prepare, preview, preschool, prewrite, prefix
|-
| preter- || beyond, past, more than || pretermit, preternatural
|-
| pro-|| for, substitute, deputy || proconsul
|-
| pro- || before || procambium
|-
| pros- || toward || [[prosthesis]], prostrate, prose
|-
| proto- || first, original || [[protoplasm]], prototype
|-
| pseudo- || false, imitation || [[pseudonym]]
|-
| pyro- || fire || pyrokinetic, pyrotechnic
|-
| quadri- || four || quadrilateral, quadrinomial
|-
| quasi-||partly, almost, appearing to be but not really||quasi-religious
|-
| retro-||backwards||retrograde
|-
| semi- || half || [[semicircle]]
|-
| socio- ||society, social, sociological||sociopath
|-
| sub-, sup- || below, under || submarine, subterranean, suburban, support
|-
| super- || above, over || supervisor, superintendent
|-
| supra- || above, over || suprarenal
|-
| sur- || above, over || surreal, surrender, surplus
|-
| syn-, sy-, syl-, sym- || together, with || syllable, symbol, synthesis, system
|-
| tele- || at a distance || telegraph, telephone, telescope, television
|-
| trans- || across, over || transatlantic, transverse, transform, transgender
|-
| tri- || three || tricycle, tripartite, triangle, tricolor, trinomial
|-
| ultra- || beyond || ultramagnetic, ultrasonic, ultraviolet
|-
| uni- || one, consisting of only one || [[unicycle]], universal
|-
| vice- || deputy || vice-president, vice-principal, vice-admiral
|}
 


[[Category:Linguistics]]
[[Category:Linguistics]]
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