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Participle phrase & infinitive phrase: Difference between revisions

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Participle phrase & infinitive phrase (view source)

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Sentence


* a grammatically complete thought
== Terminology ==
** grammatically complete = contains a finite verb (subject-verb)
* clause
** a part of a sentence that contains a finite verb (a verb that has a subject)
* complement
** a word, phrase, or dependent clause that adds information to a subject or verb (as part of the predicate)
* finite verb
** a verb that has a subject
** it is "finite" because it is "bound to" or associated with a subject
* infinitive
** the "to" form of a verb
*** ex. ''to be'', ''to play'', ''to believe''
*** infinitives can act as a noun, adjective, or adverb
* non-finite verb
** a verb that does not have a subject
** and it therefore does not act as a verb, and instead acts as a noun (called "gerund"), adjective, or adverb
*** non-finite verbs are either '''participles''' or '''infinitives'''
**** (note: not all participles are non-finite)
* object
** a noun or noun phrase that is the recipient of a verb or preposition
*** ex.
**** ''She kicked the ball'' ("ball" = object or "kicked")
**** ''He ran to school'' ("to school" = prepositional phrase complement of the verb "ran")
* participle
** the ''-ing'' or ''-ed'' form of a verb
* phrase
** two or more words that do not have a finite verb
** '''participle phrases''' and '''infinitive phrases''' are formed by the non-finite forms of verbs as either participles or infinitives
* sentence
** a grammatically complete thought
*** grammatically complete = contains a finite verb (subject-verb)
** logically complete = does not need more information to complete the thought
** logically complete = does not need more information to complete the thought


== Finite and Non-Finite Verbs & their complements==
== Finite and Non-Finite Verbs & their complements==


=== Non-finite verbs & complements ===
* "complements" are words or phrases that "complement" or "go along with" a subject or verb
* verbs have complements in the forms of
** objects
** adverbs
** prepositional phrases
** dependent or "subordinate" clauses
* the idea is the the "verb complement" adds information to the predicate (which is the verb and its complements)


=== Examples of participle phrase placement ===
==== Finite & Non-Finite verbs and complements ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Participle
(non-finite verb)
!Participle
Complement
!Subject
!Verb
!Complements
!Participle or Infinitive
(non-finite verb)
!Participle / Infinitive 
Complement
|-
|
|
|(The) student
|reads
|a textbook on his own
|
|
|-
|
|
|(The) student
|reads
|a textbook on his own
|to learn
|more effectively
|-
|
|
|(The) student
|reads
|a textbook on his own
|, learning
|more effectively
|-
|To learn
|more effectively
|(the) student
|reads
|a textbook on his own
|
|
|-
|Reading
|a textbook on his own
|(the) student
|learns
|more effectively
|
|
|-
|
|
|(The) student
|learns
|on his own
|reading
|after school
|-
|
|
|(The) student
|learns
|after school
|reading
|on his own
|}
 
== Participle phrase placement ==
* participle = the ''-ing'' or ''-ed'' forms of a verb
* participle = the ''-ing'' or ''-ed'' forms of a verb
** participles may serve as finite (take a subject) or non-finite (no subject)
** participles may serve as finite (take a subject) or non-finite (no subject)
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}}
}}


== Infinitive phrase ==
* infinitive = the ''-to'' form of a verb
** infinitives are never finite (take a subject)
** they serve as a adjective, adverb or noun
*** adjective
**** ''A good game to play is snooker''
*** adverb
**** ''We practice to get better at it''
*** noun
**** ''To play beats not to play''
=== Infinitive phrase placement ===
==== Infinitive phrase example 1 ====


   C-->NFV(Non-Finite Verb)-->C2(Complement)-->S2(Subject)-->V2(Finite Verb)-->C3(Complement)
* Sentence:
''Studying helps to take a test''
{{#mermaid: graph LR
   S(Studying)-->V(helps)--->NFV(to take)--->C(a test)
}}


* Grammatical forms:
{{#mermaid: graph LR
  S(subject/<br>gerund)-->V(finite verb)-->NFV(non-finite verb<br>infinitive object)-->C2(complement/<br> object of infinitive)
}}


* Parts of speech:
{{#mermaid: graph LR
  S( noun/<br>gerund)-->V(verb)--->NFV(infinitive<br>noun)--->C2(noun)
}}


==== Infinitive phrase example 2 ====


* Sentence:
''To study for a test is wise''
{{#mermaid: graph LR
  S(To Study)--->C(for a test)---->V(is)--->C2(wise)
}}


* Grammatical forms:
{{#mermaid: graph LR
  S(subject<br>non-finite verb)-->V(complement<br>of infinitive)--->FV(finite verb)-->C2(subject complement)
}}


{| class="wikitable"
* Parts of speech:
|+
{{#mermaid: graph LR
!
  S(non-finite verb<br>infinitive noun)-->V(prepositional phrase)--->FV(verb)-->C2(subject complement<br>adjective)
!Subject
}}
!Verb
 
!Complements
==== Infinitive phrase example 2 ====
!
* Sentence:
|-
''Studying for the test, students read the textbook''
|Sentence
{{#mermaid: graph LR
|Student
NFV(Studying)--->C2(for the test)--->S(students)-->V(read)-->C(the textbook)
|reads
}}
|a textbook
 
|
* Grammatical forms:
|-
{{#mermaid: graph LR
|Phrase
  NFV(non-finite verb)-->C2(complement)--->S(subject)-->V(finite verb)-->C(complement)
|
}}
|Reading
 
|a textbook
* Parts of speech:
|
{{#mermaid: graph LR
|-
  NFV(participle<br>adjective)-->C2(prepositional phrase)-->S(noun)-->V(finite verb)--->C(noun)
|
}}
|
 
|
==== Infinitive phrase example 3 ====
|
* Sentence:
|
''Students studying for the test read the textbook''
|}
{{#mermaid: graph LR
Finite verb is a verb that has a subject
    S(Students)-->NFV(studying)--->C2(for the test)-->V(read)-->C(the textbook)
}}
 
* Grammatical forms:
{{#mermaid: graph LR
  S(subject)-->NFV(non-finite verb)-->C2(complement)-->V(finite verb)-->C(complement)
}}
 
* Parts of speech:
{{#mermaid: graph LR
  S( noun )-->NFV(participle<br>adjective)--->C2(prepositional phrase)-->V(verb)-->C(object)
}}


* if the verb has no subject, then it is "non-finite"
* non-finite verbs act as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs
** while they do not have a subject
*** they may have complements
**** adverbs
**** objects
**** prepositional phrases


[[Category:Grammar]]
[[Category:Grammar]]
[[Category:SAT verbal]]
[[Category:SAT verbal]]
[[Category:SAT digital test]]
[[Category:SAT digital test]]
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