5,096
edits
Rhetorical device: Difference between revisions
m
→Rhetorical devices
| (11 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
'''Rhetorical device / rhetorical devices''' = language or communication tools used for persuasion | |||
* see | Rhetoric is the art of persuasion, a fundamental component of open, civil society and discourse. Where there is no persuasion, there is mere conformity or, worse, compulsion. Rhetoric underlies a free, democratic society. | ||
Rhetoric is more than a matter of speaking or writing <u>style</u>. It is a combination of 1) speaker & audience; 2) logic; 3) emotion = ''ethos, logos, pathos.'' Rhetoric moves ideas, is moved by ideas, and changes behaviors, beliefs, and actions. | |||
== Definitions == | |||
=== rhetoric === | |||
* "the art of the use of language for persuasion" | |||
=== rhetorical === | |||
* of or having to do with "rhetoric", which is "the art the use of language for persuasion" | |||
=== device === | |||
* a technique or tool employed in | |||
* thus, a technique for persuasion | |||
=== rhetorical device === | |||
= techniques for persuasion | |||
=== "rhetorical" in literary analysis === | |||
* note that in literature, "rhetoric" and "rhetorical" | |||
see also: [[Rhetoric]] page entry | |||
== Rhetoric == | == Rhetoric == | ||
| Line 10: | Line 36: | ||
** "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion." | ** "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion." | ||
* generally, rhetoric is the study of techniques to inform, persuade, or motivate (an audience) | * generally, rhetoric is the study of techniques to inform, persuade, or motivate (an audience) | ||
* In the Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, | * In the Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, Stephen Ziliak defines rhetoric as: | ||
Rhetoric is employed in both act and perception, in private thought and public communication. It is a means of communication as well as a theory for understanding and criticizing itself and the alternative means of communication. (p. 237) | Rhetoric is employed in both act and perception, in private thought and public communication. It is a means of communication as well as a theory for understanding and criticizing itself and the alternative means of communication. (p. 237) | ||
| Line 78: | Line 104: | ||
* persuasion requires | * persuasion requires | ||
** reciprocity | ** reciprocity | ||
*** as | *** as Stephen Ziliak notes, "rhetoric judges and is judged, it moves and is moved." | ||
** honesty | ** honesty | ||
*** which is why Aristotle was so concerned about "ethics" | *** which is why Aristotle was so concerned about "ethics" | ||
| Line 180: | Line 206: | ||
** keeping to the persuasive context | ** keeping to the persuasive context | ||
== Rhetorical devices | == Rhetorical devices == | ||
* see above for Ethos, Logos and Pathos | * see above for Ethos, Logos and Pathos | ||
* additional sections will cover rhetorical devices of counter-argument and repetition | |||
* note | * note | ||
** some of these rhetorical devices may be used to create false or misleading arguments or logical fallacies, or to impugn (insult, insincerely attack) another person or position | ** some of these rhetorical devices may be used to create false or misleading arguments or logical fallacies, or to impugn (insult, insincerely attack) another person or position (ex. "ad hominem") | ||
** many of these devices are also called "literary devices" and so are listed within that category, as well | ** many of these devices are also called "literary devices" and so are listed within that category, as well | ||
** see [[Logical fallacy|Logical fallacies]] and [[Literary devices]] | ** see [[Logical fallacy|Logical fallacies]] and [[Literary devices]] | ||
=== ad hominem === | === ad hominem === | ||
* personal attack on the opponent as opposed to the opponent's argument | |||
* can be a valid argument; see: [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/character-attack/ Character Attacks: How to Properly Apply the Ad Hominem - Scientific American] | |||
=== alliteration === | === alliteration === | ||
| Line 194: | Line 224: | ||
* repetition of sounds | * repetition of sounds | ||
** ''tightening tentacles terribly perturbs our tentative template'' | ** ''tightening tentacles terribly perturbs our tentative template'' | ||
=== aporia === | === aporia === | ||
| Line 205: | Line 233: | ||
=== cacophony === | === cacophony === | ||
* clashing sounds and words meant to convey tension or trouble | |||
=== consonance === | === consonance === | ||
=== devices of counterarguments | === irony === | ||
=== Gish gallop === | |||
* rapid use of multiple arguments in order to overwhelm a debate or argument | |||
** avoids scrutiny of individual arguments | |||
** named for Duane Gish who spoke rapidly and without allowing the opponent to intervene or analyze each individual arguments | |||
=== merism === | |||
* stating the extremes of something | |||
** as in "from A to Z" | |||
=== metanoia === | |||
* re-expressing a statement in a stronger or lesser way | |||
** ''Her idea changed our country; indeed, it changed the world!'' | |||
* ''metanoia'' means "a change of mind, a new way of seeing" | |||
=== metonymy === | |||
* a reference to a person or thing though an office or attribute | |||
** ''the White House'' (the president) | |||
** ''my heart beats for you'' (love, care) | |||
** ''those suits care only about themselves'' (corporate leaders) | |||
=== onomatopoeia === | |||
* using words that sound like the mean | |||
=== paralipsis === | |||
* see apophasis | |||
=== personification === | |||
* giving human qualities to objects or ideas | |||
=== trap question === | |||
* a syllogistic (logical) line of questions or thought that lead one's opponent to a logical conclusion in support of one's own argument | |||
* particularly powerful in trials, whereby the witness is "trapped" into an admission of some fact | |||
=== understatement === | |||
== Rhetorical devices of counterarguments == | |||
==== diasyrmus ==== | ==== diasyrmus ==== | ||
| Line 221: | Line 294: | ||
==== procatalepsis ==== | ==== procatalepsis ==== | ||
* an argument that anticipates a possible objection | * an argument that anticipates a possible objection | ||
* then rebuts those objections | * then rebuts those objections | ||
| Line 237: | Line 310: | ||
* ask a question, then proceed to answer it | * ask a question, then proceed to answer it | ||
== | == Rhetorical devices of repetition == | ||
==== anadiplosis ==== | ==== anadiplosis ==== | ||
| Line 280: | Line 321: | ||
* repeating a word at the beginning of each clause, sentence or paragraph | * repeating a word at the beginning of each clause, sentence or paragraph | ||
* similar to '''epistrophe''' | |||
** = repetition of a word or phrase at the end of a cause, sentence or paragraph | |||
* '''symploce''' ("sim-ploh-see") | |||
** = use of both anaphora and epistrophe | |||
==== antanaclasis ==== | ==== antanaclasis ==== | ||
| Line 305: | Line 350: | ||
* see [[wikipedia:Apophasis|Apophasis - Wikipedia]] | * see [[wikipedia:Apophasis|Apophasis - Wikipedia]] | ||
== Figurative or literary devices == | |||
* generally used for literary purposes and effects, these devices may also aid in the persuasive use of rhetoric | |||
=== imagery === | |||
=== metaphor === | |||
=== simile === | |||
[[Category:Rhetoric]] | [[Category:Rhetoric]] | ||
[[Category:Language Arts]] | [[Category:Language Arts]] | ||
[[Category:Philosophy]] | |||