4,673
edits
AP US History vocabulary list: Difference between revisions
m
→Economic & Political
mNo edit summary |
|||
| (11 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
'''US History and AP US History Running Vocabulary List: Terms, Concepts, Names and Events''' | '''US History and AP US History Running Vocabulary List: Terms, Concepts, Names and Events''' | ||
(note: see Talk page for to do list and suggestions) | |||
For MCQ | '''This page may be used as an all-round study guide for the AP Exam.''' | ||
'''Primary goals of this study guide:''' | |||
# Knowledge of periods | |||
# Knowledge of terms, people and places | |||
# Knowledge of dates | |||
* See here for map review of US History | |||
For Multiple Choice section ('''MCQ)''', students are to: | |||
* identify document source, date, historical context | * identify document source, date, historical context | ||
| Line 9: | Line 19: | ||
* idenify other errors in wrong possible answers | * idenify other errors in wrong possible answers | ||
For Free Response | For '''Free Response''' sections ('''FRQ, DBQ'''), students are to: | ||
* demonstrate historical factual knowledge | * demonstrate historical factual knowledge | ||
| Line 16: | Line 26: | ||
*** as in math, "show your work" -- i.e., explain everything | *** as in math, "show your work" -- i.e., explain everything | ||
* contextualize through cause and effect | * contextualize through cause and effect | ||
* compare/contrast to other periods | * compare/contrast to other periods, persons, and events | ||
* conceptualize facts into large ideas | * conceptualize facts into large ideas | ||
| Line 192: | Line 202: | ||
== General terms to know for US History == | == General terms to know for US History == | ||
<div style="column-count:2"> | <div style="column-count:2"> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:abolitionism|the movement to end slavery; abolition, | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:abolitionism|the movement to end slavery; abolition, abolitionist; see also emancipation}}</ul> | ||
abolitionist; see also emancipation}}</ul> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:aristocratic|of high social status, usually conferred by birth; note "titles of nobility" are banned by US Constitution}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:aristocratic|of high social status, usually conferred by birth; note "titles of nobility" are banned by US Constitution}}<li>authority</ul> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:authority|the source and/or exercise of power; as a source of power, authority indicates the legitimacy of its exercise ("by what authority?"); as the exercise of power, authority is its methods (how power is used), person (who or what exercises the power) and its extents and limits}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:blue collar v. white collar| blue collar = workers, in reference to the blue "coveralls" laborers may wear (originally clothing made of denim or coarse fabric); white = refernence to the collars of a white dress shirt}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:blue collar v. white collar| blue collar = workers, in reference to the blue "coveralls" laborers may wear (originally clothing made of denim or coarse fabric); white = refernence to the collars of a white dress shirt}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:cession|leaving the Union or a state }}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:cession|leaving the Union or a state }}</ul></li> | ||
| Line 201: | Line 211: | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:''de facto'' v. ''de jure''|"in fact" v. "in law"; ''de facto'' means something that exists in practice; whereas ''de jure'' means a practice according to law; examples of ''de facto'' v. ''de jure'' conditions include continued discrimination after bans on legal racial segregation, continued use of alcohol despite its legal ban under the 19th amendment, etc.}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:''de facto'' v. ''de jure''|"in fact" v. "in law"; ''de facto'' means something that exists in practice; whereas ''de jure'' means a practice according to law; examples of ''de facto'' v. ''de jure'' conditions include continued discrimination after bans on legal racial segregation, continued use of alcohol despite its legal ban under the 19th amendment, etc.}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:delegate (as noun and verb)|n: a representative to a political body; v. to assign or pass along a task, power, or sovereignty}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:delegate (as noun and verb)|n: a representative to a political body; v. to assign or pass along a task, power, or sovereignty}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:democracy|a form of government decidied by majority vote; a "pure democracy" would make every governmental or collective decision by a simple majority vote; the U.S. form of government has democratic elements constrained by republican structures of divided and limited government, and certain requirements for "super majority" votes (in the US Senate and for Constitutional amendment}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:direct tax|a tax that is applied "directly" to persons as opposed to an activity or material; the income tax is a "direct" tax, which required Constitutional amendment to allow under the law}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:direct tax|a tax that is applied "directly" to persons as opposed to an activity or material; the income tax is a "direct" tax, which required Constitutional amendment to allow under the law}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:disenfranchised|not allowd to vote; can be ''de jure'' (legal voting restrictions) or ''de facto'' (forcible, if illegal, voting restrictions}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:disenfranchised|not allowd to vote; can be ''de jure'' (legal voting restrictions) or ''de facto'' (forcible, if illegal, voting restrictions}}</ul></li> | ||
| Line 226: | Line 237: | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:popular sovereignty|1850s political stance that held that territories and states should accept or not accept the practice of slavery based upon a vote of the people (i.e., "popular"; sovereignty = rule}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:popular sovereignty|1850s political stance that held that territories and states should accept or not accept the practice of slavery based upon a vote of the people (i.e., "popular"; sovereignty = rule}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:precedent| the judicial practice of adhereing to prior or "preceding" decisions; decisions that change "precedent" are considered "landmark"}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:precedent| the judicial practice of adhereing to prior or "preceding" decisions; decisions that change "precedent" are considered "landmark"}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:prohibition| >> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:power|power is exercised and/or expressed through 1) authority (source of power); 2) legitimacy (legality or justification for the power; 3) sovereignty (ultimate or "supreme" source of power, its heirarchies (levels) and ability to exercise power; power that has no authority has no legitimacy; power that is legitimate but has no authority is not sovereign, etc.}} </ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"Republican motherhood"| the Early Republic belief that the role of a patriotic mother was to raise their sons as good "republicans," i.e. members of a self-governed society (not the political party)>> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:prohibition|movement to ban the sale and consumnption of alchohol; "prohibition" may also be used regarding banning of other items, manufacture, or consumption; the period of "Prohibition" started in 1920 with the 18th Amendment and ended in 1932 with the 21st Amendment; the "temperance" movemement was the activism to achieve prohibition}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:republic|a state (in the sense of a nation) that is governed democratically through representative demoocracy, usually with divided authorities, such as legislative, executive and judicial branches of the government; in the U.S. republican governance also divides power between the federal government and the states; across U.S. history, the republican form of governance has changed in terms of citizen participation, starting with white male elites and/or landowners over the age of 21 (generally), extending to freed male slaves, to women, and by lowering the votiong age to 18; republicanism has also changed with the growth of federal over state powers}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"Republican motherhood"| the Early Republic belief that the role of a patriotic mother was to raise their sons as good "republicans," i.e. members of a self-governed society (not the political party)}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:republican principles|"republicanism" is a form of self=government through democratically elected representatives; the "republican principles," therefore, are those ideals exercised to affect republican (representative) self-government; republicanism is also associated with divided and limited government}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:state|a sovereign political unit; in the "United States" the states are independent political entities that have yielded certain powers or sovereignties to the central government; internationally, a "state" is a country or nation (thus the "State Department" as the executive department that represents the country)}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:state|a sovereign political unit; in the "United States" the states are independent political entities that have yielded certain powers or sovereignties to the central government; internationally, a "state" is a country or nation (thus the "State Department" as the executive department that represents the country)}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:states rights| sovereignty and powers of states; generally, the belief that the federal government should not "infringe" }}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:states rights| sovereignty and powers of states; generally, the belief that the federal government should not "infringe" }}</ul></li> | ||
| Line 233: | Line 247: | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:socialism| an economic and political theory that the state (the government) should own the "means of production" (farming, industry, etc.); "socialists" across time have varied in the degree to which they call for state-control of different segments of the economy and society }}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:socialism| an economic and political theory that the state (the government) should own the "means of production" (farming, industry, etc.); "socialists" across time have varied in the degree to which they call for state-control of different segments of the economy and society }}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:sovereignty|rule or "rule over"; government authority or rule is called its "soveriegnty", thus a monarch is also called a "soveriegn"|}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:sovereignty|rule or "rule over"; government authority or rule is called its "soveriegnty", thus a monarch is also called a "soveriegn"|}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:suffrage| the right to vote; "suffragettes" were women activitists who promoted the right for women to vote}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:suffrage| the right to vote; the "suffrage movement" was the political movement to secure voting rights for women; "suffragettes" were women activitists who promoted the right for women to vote, such as Susan B. Anthony}}</ul></li> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:tariff| taxes on imports; also called "duties" }}</ul> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:tariff| taxes on imports; also called "duties" }}</ul> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:temperance movement| social and political movement to ban production and use of alcohol}}<li>two-party system</ul> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:temperance movement| social and political movement to ban production and use of alcohol}}<li>two-party system</ul> | ||
| Line 363: | Line 377: | ||
}} | }} | ||
------------- | ------------- | ||
==== | ==== Cycle of Escalation ==== | ||
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR | {{#mermaid:flowchart LR | ||
PL[British Tax or Regulation]--Enforcement-->CP[Colonial Protest]-->ME[More enforcemment] | PL[British Tax or Regulation]--Enforcement-->CP[Colonial Protest]-->ME[More enforcemment] | ||
| Line 398: | Line 412: | ||
==== Intolerable Acts to Colonial Organization ==== | ==== Intolerable Acts to Colonial Organization ==== | ||
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR | {{#mermaid:flowchart LR | ||
CO[Colonial Organization]--Sons of Liberty<br>Committee on Correspondence-->CP[Colonial Protests | IA-->CO | ||
CO[Colonial Organization]--Sons of Liberty<br>Committee on Correspondence-->CP[Colonial Protests & Boycotts] | |||
IA[Intolerable Acts, or Coersive Acts, 1774]-->CP | IA[Intolerable Acts, or Coersive Acts, 1774]-->CP | ||
CP-->BR[British retaliation]-->CP | CP-->BR[British retaliation]-->CP | ||
}} | }} | ||
------------- | ------------- | ||
==== War ==== | ==== War ==== | ||
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR | {{#mermaid:flowchart LR | ||
| Line 775: | Line 790: | ||
* Appomattox | * Appomattox | ||
* Confederacy | * Confederacy | ||
* Copperheads | |||
* Emancipation Proclamation | * Emancipation Proclamation | ||
* Ft. Sumter | * Ft. Sumter | ||
| Line 793: | Line 809: | ||
* 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments | * 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments | ||
* black codes | * black codes | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"bloody shirt"|from the apocryphal (likely but not true) story of Rep. Benj. Butler in 1871 holding up a blood-stained shirt on the floor of the House of Representatives, which was supposedly from a carpetbagger who had been whipped by the KKK; Butler's speech was condemned by southerners who mocked the speech for having "waved the bloodys shirt" in a pathetic appeal; the term was used subsequently to accuse Republicans of trying to gain sympathy for their stances on the Civil War and Reconstruction, as well as later policies}}</ul></li> | |||
* Compromise of 1877 | * Compromise of 1877 | ||
* 40 acres and a mule | * 40 acres and a mule | ||
| Line 830: | Line 847: | ||
=== Economic & Political === | === Economic & Political === | ||
* Andrew Carnegie | * Andrew Carnegie | ||
* bimetallism | * | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:bimetallism|the policy of fixing the value of silver and gold so taht if one went up or down, the relative value of the other would stay the same; in the late 19th century, bimetallism was used politically to oppose the gold standard, especially by Wm. Jennings Bryan, who more largely argued for "free silver" but used bimetallism as a supposed compromise between gold and silver, although it would essential tie Gold to the decreasing value of silver, which was Bryan[s purpose}}</ul></li> | |||
* economies of scale | * economies of scale | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Coinage Act of 1873|created the "gold standard" by prohibiting owners of silver "bullion" (raw silver) to be allowed to convert it into silver dollars (while allowing god buillion to be converted into gold dollars); the Act effectively ended Civil War paper money currency, which was inflationary}}</ul></li> | |||
* "free silver" | |||
* Grange, the | * Grange, the | ||
* hard money | * hard money | ||
| Line 894: | Line 914: | ||
=== Progressive Era === | === Progressive Era === | ||
<div style="column-count:2"> | <div style="column-count:2"> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"Square Deal”|Teddy Roosevelt's slogan to represent his agenda in support of the "common man" as against elites, called "plutocracy," i.e. industrialists, bankers, and politicians beholden (corruptly) to them; Roosevelt said that the rules of society were against common people, and he wanted them to have instead a "square deal"}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:16th, 17th, 18th, 19th Amendments|students should be familiar with the "progressive" amendments: Income Tax (16th), Direct Election of Senators (17th), Prohibition (18th), Suffrage for Women (19th)}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Bull Moose Party|nickname for Teddy Roosevelt's Progressive Party campaign; comes from his statement after losing the Republican Party nomination in June, 1912 that he felt "strong as a bull moose"}}</ul></li> | |||
* Elkins Act (1903) | * Elkins Act (1903) | ||
* Eugene V. Debs | * Eugene V. Debs | ||
| Line 1,691: | Line 1,711: | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Resources == | |||
=== Suffrage, voting, democracy === | |||
* [https://americanhistory.si.edu/explore/exhibitions/american-democracy American Democracy | National Museum of American History (si.edu)] | |||
* [https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/essays/winning-vote-history-voting-rights Winning the Vote: A History of Voting Rights | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History] | |||
--------------- | --------------- | ||