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AP US History vocabulary list (view source)

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'''US History and AP US History Running Vocabulary List: Terms, Concepts, Names and Events'''
'''US History and AP US History Running Vocabulary List: Terms, Concepts, Names and Events'''


Note: see Talk page for to do list and suggestions
(note: see Talk page for to do list and suggestions)
 
'''This page may be used as an all-round study guide for the AP Exam.'''
 
'''Primary goals of this study guide:'''
 
# Knowledge of periods
# Knowledge of terms, people and places
# Knowledge of dates
 
* See here for map review of US History
 
For Multiple Choice section ('''MCQ)''', students are to:
 
* identify document source, date, historical context
* contextuals document and not confuse it for wrong period or context in wrong possible answer
* idenify other errors in wrong possible answers
 
For '''Free Response''' sections ('''FRQ, DBQ'''), students are to:
 
* demonstrate historical factual knowledge
** provide examples, describe and explain
** write to an uninformed audience
*** as in math, "show your work" -- i.e., explain everything
* contextualize through cause and effect
* compare/contrast to other periods, persons, and events
* conceptualize facts into large ideas


== US History: BIG IDEAS for American self-conception and historical choices ==
== US History: BIG IDEAS for American self-conception and historical choices ==
Line 17: Line 43:


"City on a Hill"
"City on a Hill"
Debate


Dissent
Dissent
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Innovation
Innovation
Issues focus


Justice
Justice
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Personal / public safety
Personal / public safety
Politics
Practicality / Self-interest


Regionalism
Regionalism
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Self-reliance
Self-reliance


Self-rule/ self-governance
Self-rule/ Self-governance


Technology
Technology


War
War
</div><br>
</div>
----
 
=== Implications of a Democracy ===
In 1835, the French aristocrat, Alexis de Tocqueville published the first of two volumes, "Democracy in America". Tocqueville was intrigued by the social, cultural and political implications of a democratic society -- by which he meant, generally,
 
* absence of social classes or heirarchies among citizens
* members of that dominant social class consider themselves one another's equal
 
Tocqueville's analysis yields enormous insight into the American character of the 1830s as well as today:
 
* notion of equality
* individualism
* emphasis on local governance
* civic activity and associations
* spirit of religion
 
These characteristics of a democracy can be applied to historical analysis on the AP exam and for understanding US History generally.<br>
------
------


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<div style="column-count:2">
<div style="column-count:2">
''A day that will live in infamy''
''A day that will live in infamy''
''A republic, if you can keep it!''


''The American way''
''The American way''


''Equal justice under law''
''Equal justice under law''
''Getting the government you deserve''


''Give me liberty or give me death!''
''Give me liberty or give me death!''


''Go west, young man!''
''Go west, young man!''
''I am a Berliner / Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!''


''In God we trust''
''In God we trust''
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''Of the people, by the people, for the people''
''Of the people, by the people, for the people''
''Outdoing the Joneses''


''Remember the Alamo!''
''Remember the Alamo!''
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* what events, periods, persons may be compared or contrasted to it?
* what events, periods, persons may be compared or contrasted to it?


==== Analytical tools include ====
==== Analytical tools ====
'''OPVL'''
'''HAPPy''' or '''HIPP'''
{| style=wikitable
{| class="wikitable"
| Origin
| '''H'''istorical context
| Perspective
| ('''I'''ntended) '''A'''udience
| Value
| '''P'''urpose
| Limitations
| '''P'''oint of View
| y
|}
 
'''OPVL'''
{| class="wikitable"
| '''O'''rigin
| '''P'''erspective
| '''V'''alue
| '''L'''imitations
|}
|}
'''SPRITE'''  
'''SPRITE'''  
{| style=wikitable
{| class="wikitable"
| Social
| '''S'''ocial
| Political
| '''P'''olitical
| Religious
| '''R'''eligious
| Intellectual
| '''I'''ntellectual
| Technological
| '''T'''echnological
| Economics
| '''E'''conomics
|}
|}
'''HAPPy'''
{| style=wikitable
| Historical context
| Audience
| Purpose
| Point of View
| y
|}
'''HIPP'''
History context
Intended Audience
Purpose
Point of View


== General terms to know for US History ==
== General terms to know for US History ==
<div style="column-count:2">
<div style="column-count:2">
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:abolitionism|the movement to end slavery; abolition,  
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:abolitionism|the movement to end slavery; abolition, abolitionist; see also emancipation}}</ul>
abolitionist; see also emancipation}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:aristocratic|of high social status, usually conferred by birth; note "titles of nobility" are banned by US Constitution}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:aristocratic|of high social status, usually conferred by birth; note "titles of nobility" are banned by US Constitution}}<li>authority</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:authority|the source and/or exercise of power; as a source of power, authority indicates the legitimacy of its exercise ("by what authority?"); as the exercise of power, authority is its methods (how power is used), person (who or what exercises the power) and its extents and limits}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:blue collar v. white collar| blue collar = workers, in reference to the blue "coveralls" laborers may wear (originally clothing made of denim or coarse fabric); white = refernence to the collars of a white dress shirt}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:blue collar v. white collar| blue collar = workers, in reference to the blue "coveralls" laborers may wear (originally clothing made of denim or coarse fabric); white = refernence to the collars of a white dress shirt}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:cession|leaving the Union or a state }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:cession|leaving the Union or a state }}</ul></li>
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:''de facto'' v. ''de jure''|"in fact" v. "in law"; ''de facto'' means something that exists in practice; whereas ''de jure'' means a practice according to law; examples of ''de facto'' v. ''de jure'' conditions include continued discrimination after bans on legal racial segregation, continued use of alcohol despite its legal ban under the 19th amendment, etc.}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:''de facto'' v. ''de jure''|"in fact" v. "in law"; ''de facto'' means something that exists in practice; whereas ''de jure'' means a practice according to law; examples of ''de facto'' v. ''de jure'' conditions include continued discrimination after bans on legal racial segregation, continued use of alcohol despite its legal ban under the 19th amendment, etc.}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:delegate (as noun and verb)|n: a representative to a political body; v. to assign or pass along a task, power, or sovereignty}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:delegate (as noun and verb)|n: a representative to a political body; v. to assign or pass along a task, power, or sovereignty}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:democracy|a form of government decidied by majority vote; a "pure democracy" would make every governmental or collective decision by a simple majority vote; the U.S. form of government has democratic elements constrained by republican structures of divided and limited government, and certain requirements for "super majority" votes (in the US Senate and for Constitutional amendment}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:direct tax|a tax that is applied "directly" to persons as opposed to an activity or material; the income tax is a "direct" tax, which required Constitutional amendment to allow under the law}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:direct tax|a tax that is applied "directly" to persons as opposed to an activity or material; the income tax is a "direct" tax, which required Constitutional amendment to allow under the law}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:disenfranchised|not allowd to vote; can be ''de jure'' (legal voting restrictions) or ''de facto'' (forcible, if illegal, voting restrictions}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:disenfranchised|not allowd to vote; can be ''de jure'' (legal voting restrictions) or ''de facto'' (forcible, if illegal, voting restrictions}}</ul></li>
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:popular sovereignty|1850s political stance that held that territories and states should accept or not accept the practice of slavery based upon a vote of the people (i.e., "popular"; sovereignty = rule}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:popular sovereignty|1850s political stance that held that territories and states should accept or not accept the practice of slavery based upon a vote of the people (i.e., "popular"; sovereignty = rule}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:precedent| the judicial practice of adhereing to prior or "preceding" decisions; decisions that change "precedent" are considered "landmark"}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:precedent| the judicial practice of adhereing to prior or "preceding" decisions; decisions that change "precedent" are considered "landmark"}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:prohibition| >>definition here }}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:power|power is exercised and/or expressed through 1) authority (source of power); 2) legitimacy (legality or justification for the power; 3) sovereignty (ultimate or "supreme" source of power, its heirarchies (levels) and ability to exercise power; power that has no authority has no legitimacy; power that is legitimate but has no authority is not sovereign, etc.}} </ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"Republican motherhood"| the Early Republic belief that the role of a patriotic mother was to raise their sons as good "republicans," i.e. members of a self-governed society (not the political party)>>definition here }}<li>republican principles</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:prohibition|movement to ban the sale and consumnption of alchohol; "prohibition" may also be used regarding banning of other items, manufacture, or consumption; the period of "Prohibition" started in 1920 with the 18th Amendment and ended in 1932 with the 21st Amendment; the "temperance" movemement was the activism to achieve prohibition}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:republic|a state (in the sense of a nation) that is governed democratically through representative demoocracy, usually with divided authorities, such as legislative, executive and judicial branches of the government; in the U.S. republican governance also divides power between the federal government and the states; across U.S. history, the republican form of governance has changed in terms of citizen participation, starting with white male elites and/or landowners over the age of 21 (generally), extending to freed male slaves, to women, and by lowering the votiong age to 18; republicanism has also changed with the growth of federal over state powers}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"Republican motherhood"| the Early Republic belief that the role of a patriotic mother was to raise their sons as good "republicans," i.e. members of a self-governed society (not the political party)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:republican principles|"republicanism" is a form of self=government through democratically elected representatives; the "republican principles," therefore, are those ideals exercised to affect republican (representative) self-government; republicanism is also associated with divided and limited government}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:state|a sovereign political unit; in the "United States" the states are independent political entities that have yielded certain powers or sovereignties to the central government; internationally, a "state" is a country or nation (thus the "State Department" as the executive department that represents the country)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:state|a sovereign political unit; in the "United States" the states are independent political entities that have yielded certain powers or sovereignties to the central government; internationally, a "state" is a country or nation (thus the "State Department" as the executive department that represents the country)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:states rights| sovereignty and powers of states; generally, the belief that the federal government should not "infringe" }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:states rights| sovereignty and powers of states; generally, the belief that the federal government should not "infringe" }}</ul></li>
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:socialism| an economic and political theory that the state (the government) should own the "means of production" (farming, industry, etc.); "socialists" across time have varied in the degree to which they call for state-control of different segments of the economy and society }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:socialism| an economic and political theory that the state (the government) should own the "means of production" (farming, industry, etc.); "socialists" across time have varied in the degree to which they call for state-control of different segments of the economy and society }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:sovereignty|rule or "rule over"; government authority or rule is called its "soveriegnty", thus a monarch is also called a "soveriegn"|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:sovereignty|rule or "rule over"; government authority or rule is called its "soveriegnty", thus a monarch is also called a "soveriegn"|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:suffrage| the right to vote; "suffragettes" were women activitists who promoted the right for women to vote}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:suffrage| the right to vote; the "suffrage movement" was the political movement to secure voting rights for women; "suffragettes" were women activitists who promoted the right for women to vote, such as Susan B. Anthony}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:tariff| taxes on imports; also called "duties" }}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:tariff| taxes on imports; also called "duties" }}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:temperance movement| social and political movement to ban production and use of alcohol}}<li>two-party system</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:temperance movement| social and political movement to ban production and use of alcohol}}<li>two-party system</ul>
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}}
}}
-------------
-------------
==== Cyle of Escalation ====
==== Cycle of Escalation ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
PL[British Tax or Regulation]--Enforcement-->CP[Colonial Protest]-->ME[More enforcemment]
PL[British Tax or Regulation]--Enforcement-->CP[Colonial Protest]-->ME[More enforcemment]
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==== Intolerable Acts to Colonial Organization ====
==== Intolerable Acts to Colonial Organization ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
CO[Colonial Organization]--Sons of Liberty<br>Committee on Correspondence-->CP[Colonial Protests]
IA-->CO
CO-->CB[Colonial Boycotts]
CO[Colonial Organization]--Sons of Liberty<br>Committee on Correspondence-->CP[Colonial Protests & Boycotts]
IA[Intolerable Acts, or Coersive Acts, 1774]-->CP
IA[Intolerable Acts, or Coersive Acts, 1774]-->CP
CP-->BR[British retaliation]-->CP
CP-->BR[British retaliation]-->CP
}}
}}
-------------
-------------
==== War ====
==== War ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
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* James Madison
* James Madison
* New Jersey Plan
* New Jersey Plan
* Northwest Ordinance
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Northwest Ordinance|1787 law under the Articles of Confederation that included many protections and rights that would be included in the original US Constitution and Bill or Rights, including property rights, freedom of religion, ''habeus corpus'' and trial by jury, as well as a prohibition on slavery; also set conditions for admission of new states to the Union}}</ul></li>
* preamble
* preamble
* preamble to the Constitution
* preamble to the Constitution
Line 642: Line 698:


== Antebellum period ==
== Antebellum period ==
* cotton gin
* land speculation


=== Jacksonian period ===
=== Jacksonian period ===
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* Jacksonian democracy
* Jacksonian democracy
* Indian Removal Act
* Indian Removal Act
* Nat Turner Rebellion (1831)
* Nullification Crisis
* Nullification Crisis
* Petticoat affair
* Petticoat affair
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===Social reform ===
===Social reform ===
* cult of domesticity
* American Anti-Slavery Society
* cult of domesticity
* Declaration of Sentiments
* Declaration of Sentiments
* Frederic Douglas
* Frederic Douglas
* emancipation
* emancipation
* Philadelphia Women's Anti-Slavery Convention


* Ralph Waldo Emerson
* Ralph Waldo Emerson
* Second Great Awakening
* Second Great Awakening
* Seneca Falls Convention
* Seneca Falls Convention
* Sojouner Truth
* Elizabeth Cady Stanton
* suffrage
* suffrage
* Temperance movement
* Henry David Thoreaux
* transcendentalism
* transcendentalism
* Uncle Tom’s Cabin
* Uncle Tom’s Cabin
* Underground Railroad
* Underground Railroad
* Walden Pond
</div>
</div>
<br>
<br>
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* Compromise of 1850
* Compromise of 1850
* Jefferson Davis
* Jefferson Davis
* Dred Scott decision
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Dred Scott decision|1857 written by Chief Justice Roger Taney of Maryland, the decision held that Scott, a slave who sued for freedom when his owner took him from the slave state Missouri to Illinois; Taney ruled that blacks are not citizens and thereby have no constitutional protections; the decision also invalidated the Missouri Compromise, stating that it violated slave owners' property rights; the Taney Court thought the ruling would settle the problem of slavery, but it instead inflamed it}}</ul>
* Gadsden Purchase
* Gadsden Purchase
* Gold Rush of 1849
* Gold Rush of 1849
* Henry Clay
* Henry Clay
* John Brown
* Kansas-Nebraska Act
* Kansas-Nebraska Act
* Know Nothings
* Know Nothings
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* 1860 Election
* 1860 Election
* Anaconda Plan
* Anaconda Plan
* Antietam
* Appomattox
* Appomattox
* Confederacy
* Copperheads
* Emancipation Proclamation
* Emancipation Proclamation
* Ft. Sumter
* Ft. Sumter
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* Vicksburg
* Vicksburg
* U.S. Grant
* U.S. Grant
* Union
</div>
</div>
<br>
<br>
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* 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
* 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
* black codes
* black codes
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"bloody shirt"|from the apocryphal (likely but not true) story of Rep. Benj. Butler in 1871 holding up a blood-stained shirt on the floor of the House of Representatives, which was supposedly from a carpetbagger who had been whipped by the KKK; Butler's speech was condemned by southerners who mocked the speech for having "waved the bloodys shirt" in a pathetic appeal; the term was used subsequently to accuse Republicans of trying to gain sympathy for their stances on the Civil War and Reconstruction, as well as later policies}}</ul></li>
* Compromise of 1877
* Compromise of 1877
* 40 acres and a mule
* 40 acres and a mule
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=== Post-Reconstruction ===
=== Post-Reconstruction ===
<div style="column-count:2">
 
=== Economic & Political ===
* Susan B. Anthony
* Andrew Carnegie
* Battle of Wounded Knee
* Battle of Wounded Knee
* bimetallism
* Chinese Exclusion Act
* Chinese Exclusion Act
* Dawes Act /assimilation
* Dawes Act /assimilation
* Gentlemen’s Agreement
* Gentlemen’s Agreement
* Grange, the
* Great Migration
* Great Migration
* hard money
* Homestead Act of 1862
* Homestead Act of 1862
* laissez-faire capitalism
* melting pot
* melting pot
* monopoly
* nativism
* nativism
* Nelson Rockefeller
* National Suffrage Movement
* political bosses
* political machine
* Populist Party
* robber barons
* Sand Creek Massacre
* Sand Creek Massacre
* Women's Christian Temperance Union<div style="column-count:2">
=== Economic & Political ===
* Andrew Carnegie
*
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:bimetallism|the policy of fixing the value of silver and gold so taht if one went up or down, the relative value of the other would stay the same; in the late 19th century, bimetallism was used politically to oppose the gold standard, especially by Wm. Jennings Bryan, who more largely argued for "free silver" but used bimetallism as a supposed compromise between gold and silver, although it would essential tie Gold to the decreasing value of silver, which was Bryan[s purpose}}</ul></li>
* economies of scale
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Coinage Act of 1873|created the "gold standard" by prohibiting owners of silver "bullion" (raw silver) to be allowed to convert it into silver dollars (while allowing god buillion to be converted into gold dollars); the Act effectively ended Civil War paper money currency, which was inflationary}}</ul></li>
* "free silver"
* Grange, the
* hard money
* laissez-faire capitalism
* monopoly
* Nelson Rockefeller
* political bosses
* political machine
* Populist Party
* robber barons
* Sherman Anti-trust Act
* Sherman Anti-trust Act
* silver
* silver
* social Darwinism
* social Darwinism
* soft money
* soft money
* specie
* Standard Oil
* Standard Oil
* transcontinental railroad
* transcontinental railroad
* U.S. Steel
* U.S. Steel
</div>
 
<br>
<br>
-------------------
-------------------
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=== Progressive Era ===
=== Progressive Era ===
<div style="column-count:2">
<div style="column-count:2">
* "Square Deal”
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"Square Deal”|Teddy Roosevelt's slogan to represent his agenda in support of the "common man" as against elites, called "plutocracy," i.e. industrialists, bankers, and politicians beholden (corruptly) to them; Roosevelt said that the rules of society were against common people, and he wanted them to have instead a "square deal"}}</ul></li>
* 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th Amendments
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:16th, 17th, 18th, 19th Amendments|students should be familiar with the "progressive" amendments: Income Tax (16th), Direct Election of Senators (17th), Prohibition (18th), Suffrage for Women (19th)}}</ul></li>
* Bull Moose Party
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Bull Moose Party|nickname for Teddy Roosevelt's Progressive Party campaign; comes from his statement after losing the Republican Party nomination in June, 1912 that he felt "strong as a bull moose"}}</ul></li>
* Elkins Act (1903)  
* Elkins Act (1903)  
* Eugene V. Debs
* Eugene V. Debs
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* Iran-Contra Affair
* Iran-Contra Affair
* John Stockton
* John Stockton
* Reykjavík Summit
* Berlin speech
* Landslide
* Landslide
* Star Wars
* Star Wars
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* Peace Dividend
* Peace Dividend
* NAFTA
* NAFTA
* "end of history"
* service sector economy
* service sector economy
* New Immigration
* New Immigration
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!
!
!
!
|-
|Mississippi Company
|1720
|French company had Royal grant for trading rights to French colonies in Americas
* to cover French government debt over Louis XIV's wars, the government allowed the compan to issue paper money backed by national debt
* speculation in shares of the company led to more paper money issued, which was then put back into company shares, which led to the second largest bubble in economic history ($6.5 trillion peak value in current dollars, behind only the Dutch East India Company bubble)
|
|-
|Panic of 1792
|1792
|Short-lived panic caused by sudden credit expansion following the formation of the Bank of the United States, which led to land speculation
* a group of bankers tried to drive up pricies of securities (stocks, contracts) but failed to meet their loans, causing a bank run
* Alexander Hamilton stabilized the market with stock purchases by the government
|
|-
|Land bubble 1796
|1996
|Land speculation bubble that collapsed following specie payments suspension by the Bank of England, caused by a rush of bank withdrawals in England out of fear of a war with France
* the imnpact and connection of London banks to the American economy worried
|
|-
|Panic of 1819
|1819-1821
|Finanical crisis sparked by land speculation bubble, excess paper money, and issuance of bank notes unbacked by gold by the Second Bank of the United States
* as Europe recovered from the Napoleonic Wars, its agricultural product increased and led to price drops, which hurt American producers, who, in turn, were unable to pay back loans
* the Panic came amidst implementation of the "American System" of canal and road building and tariffs, which were blamed for the downturn
*
|
|-
|Panic of 1837
|1837-1843
|Major depression in which prices, profits, wages, and financial activity was severely curtailed
* led to mass unemployment
* impacted westward expansion and led t collapse in agricultural prices, especially cotton
* started with bank runs in New York when investors demanded their deposits from banks who could not back then in gold or silver
* was the worst financial crisis up until the Great Depression
* the panic followed a speculative boom that was fueled by land sales, cotton exports, and extensive inflows of silver from the US, Mexico and China
* President Jackson's dismantling of the Second Bank of the United States led to a disorderly unwinding of its assets and operations;
** however, the Bank itself contributed to the speculative bubble through issuance of paper money and loose oversight
* the Jackson administration's "Specie Circular of 1836," which was intended to halt speculation in land sales, dried up credit and helped spark the Panic
|
|-
|-
|Panic of 1857
|Panic of 1857
|1857-1859
|1857-1859
|National financial crisis sparked by British change in requirements for gold and silver reserves for paper money
* the influx of gold from the California Gold Rush greatly expanded the money supply but was also inflationary and led to excessive speculation
* in the US, a finanical panic followed the collapse of a major investment company (Ohio Life Insurance and Trust)
* speculation in railroads had exploded, and many were fraudulent, and after the Ohio Life company failed, prices collapsed
* grain prices also experienced a bubble in the mid 1850s, which led to farmland speculation, both of which also collapsed in the Panic
|
|
* national financial crisis sparked by British change in requirements for gold and silver reserves for paper money
|-
** the influx of gold from the California Gold Rush greatly expanded the money supply but was also inflationary and led to excessive speculation
|Crédit Mobilier scandal
* in the US, a finanical panic followed the collapse of a major investment company (Ohio Life Insurance and Trust) and declines in the railroad industry
|1864-1867
* the downturn was also result of
|A railoard company created by the Union Pacific Railroad to build the eastern portion of the transcontinental railroad inflated its costs by $44 million dollars and paid bribes to politicians for laws and regulatory ruilings in its favor
 
* the scandal was broken by a newspaper during the 1874 presidential campaign and led to a political crisis for certain members of Congress and the Republican Party in general
* which along with other
|
|
|-
|-
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|
|
|-
|-
|
|Panic of 1893
|
|1893-1897
|
|Econoic depression that was sparked by the failure of an Argentine bank, Baring Brothers, which collapsed over crops price collapse,
 
* which led to a run on American gold reserves by European investors who were facing losses there and in South Africa and Australia
* a railroad company collepse just before Grover Cleveland's 2nd inauguration led him to ask Congress to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which had forced the Government to purchase Silver in order to prop up its value, which was depleting the Government's gold reserves
* bank and railroad failures followed, with subsequent securities (stocks) and commodities price drops
* in 1895 the Government issued "Treasury bonds" which were purchased, by arrangement, by banks, especially the Morgan Bank of New York, but which helped stabilize Government gold reserves and general economic confidence
|
|
|}
|}
== Resources ==
=== Suffrage, voting, democracy ===
* [https://americanhistory.si.edu/explore/exhibitions/american-democracy American Democracy | National Museum of American History (si.edu)]
* [https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/essays/winning-vote-history-voting-rights Winning the Vote: A History of Voting Rights | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History]
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