AP US History vocabulary list: Difference between revisions

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'''US History and AP US History Running Vocabulary List: Terms, Concepts, Names and Events'''
'''US History and AP US History Running Vocabulary List: Terms, Concepts, Names and Events'''


Note: see Talk page for to do list and suggestions
(note: see Talk page for to do list and suggestions)
 
'''This page may be used as an all-round study guide for the AP Exam.'''
 
'''Primary goals of this study guide:'''
 
# Knowledge of periods
# Knowledge of terms, people and places
# Knowledge of dates
 
* See here for map review of US History
 
For Multiple Choice section ('''MCQ)''', students are to:
 
* identify document source, date, historical context
* contextuals document and not confuse it for wrong period or context in wrong possible answer
* idenify other errors in wrong possible answers
 
For '''Free Response''' sections ('''FRQ, DBQ'''), students are to:
 
* demonstrate historical factual knowledge
** provide examples, describe and explain
** write to an uninformed audience
*** as in math, "show your work" -- i.e., explain everything
* contextualize through cause and effect
* compare/contrast to other periods, persons, and events
* conceptualize facts into large ideas
 
== US History: BIG IDEAS for American self-conception and historical choices ==
Students may address historican themes, events, and periods using the various notions of self-conception of Americans across history. Note that these concepts change over time.  A short list of topics/ core ideas includes:
<div style="column-count:2">
the American Dream
 
American exceptionalism
 
Americanism (and ''What is it to be an American?'')
 
Civil liberties
 
Civil Rights
 
"City on a Hill"
 
Debate
 
Dissent
 
Due process
 
Duty
 
''e pluribus unam''
 
Equality
 
Expansionism (including westerd expansion, overseas expansion; also economic)
 
Foreign non-Intervention / Intervention
 
Freedom/ Freedoms, esp. movement, protest, religion, speech
 
Freedom of conscience
 
Idealism
 
Intellectual property
 
Innovation
 
Issues focus
 
Justice
 
Limited government
 
Patriotism
 
Personal autonomy
 
Personal / public safety
 
Politics
 
Practicality / Self-interest
 
Regionalism
 
Self-reliance
 
Self-rule/ Self-governance
 
Technology
 
War
</div>
----
 
=== Implications of a Democracy ===
In 1835, the French aristocrat, Alexis de Tocqueville published the first of two volumes, "Democracy in America". Tocqueville was intrigued by the social, cultural and political implications of a democratic society -- by which he meant, generally,
 
* absence of social classes or heirarchies among citizens
* members of that dominant social class consider themselves one another's equal
 
Tocqueville's analysis yields enormous insight into the American character of the 1830s as well as today:
 
* notion of equality
* individualism
* emphasis on local governance
* civic activity and associations
* spirit of religion
 
These characteristics of a democracy can be applied to historical analysis on the AP exam and for understanding US History generally.<br>
------
 
=== American Slogans or Famous Utterances ===
<div style="column-count:2">
''A day that will live in infamy''
 
''A republic, if you can keep it!''
 
''The American way''
 
''Equal justice under law''
 
''Getting the government you deserve''
 
''Give me liberty or give me death!''
 
''Go west, young man!''
 
''I am a Berliner / Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!''
 
''In God we trust''
 
''Life, liberty and the pursuit of happines''
 
''Live free or die''
 
''Nothing to fear but fear itself''
 
''Of the people, by the people, for the people''
 
''Outdoing the Joneses''
 
''Remember the Alamo!''
 
''Taxation without representation''
 
''United we stand, divided we fall''
 
''We shall overcome''
 
''We the people''
</div><br>
------


== Historical textual analysis: approaches and strategies ==
== Historical textual analysis: approaches and strategies ==
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* what events, periods, persons may be compared or contrasted to it?
* what events, periods, persons may be compared or contrasted to it?


==== Analytical tools include ====
==== Analytical tools ====
'''HAPPy''' or '''HIPP'''
{| class="wikitable"
| '''H'''istorical context
| ('''I'''ntended) '''A'''udience
| '''P'''urpose
| '''P'''oint of View
| y
|}
 
'''OPVL'''
'''OPVL'''
{|
{| class="wikitable"
| Origin
| '''O'''rigin
| Perspective
| '''P'''erspective
| Value
| '''V'''alue
| Limitations
| '''L'''imitations
|}
|}
'''SPRITE'''  
'''SPRITE'''  
{|
{| class="wikitable"
| Social
| '''S'''ocial
| Political
| '''P'''olitical
| Religious
| '''R'''eligious
| Intellectual
| '''I'''ntellectual
| Technological
| '''T'''echnological
| Economics
| '''E'''conomics
|}
'''HAPPy'''
{|
| Historical context
| Audience
| Purpose
| Point of View
| y
|}
|}


== General terms to know for US History ==
== General terms to know for US History ==
<div style="column-count:2">
<div style="column-count:2">
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:abolitionism|the movement to end slavery; abolition,  
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:abolitionism|the movement to end slavery; abolition, abolitionist; see also emancipation}}</ul>
abolitionist; see also emancipation}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:aristocratic|of high social status, usually conferred by birth; note "titles of nobility" are banned by US Constitution}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:aristocratic|of high social status, usually conferred by birth; note "titles of nobility" are banned by US Constitution}}<li>authority</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:authority|the source and/or exercise of power; as a source of power, authority indicates the legitimacy of its exercise ("by what authority?"); as the exercise of power, authority is its methods (how power is used), person (who or what exercises the power) and its extents and limits}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:blue collar v. white collar| blue collar = workers, in reference to the blue "coveralls" laborers may wear (originally clothing made of denim or coarse fabric); white = refernence to the collars of a white dress shirt}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:blue collar v. white collar| blue collar = workers, in reference to the blue "coveralls" laborers may wear (originally clothing made of denim or coarse fabric); white = refernence to the collars of a white dress shirt}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:cession|leaving the Union or a state }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:cession|leaving the Union or a state }}</ul></li>
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:''de facto'' v. ''de jure''|"in fact" v. "in law"; ''de facto'' means something that exists in practice; whereas ''de jure'' means a practice according to law; examples of ''de facto'' v. ''de jure'' conditions include continued discrimination after bans on legal racial segregation, continued use of alcohol despite its legal ban under the 19th amendment, etc.}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:''de facto'' v. ''de jure''|"in fact" v. "in law"; ''de facto'' means something that exists in practice; whereas ''de jure'' means a practice according to law; examples of ''de facto'' v. ''de jure'' conditions include continued discrimination after bans on legal racial segregation, continued use of alcohol despite its legal ban under the 19th amendment, etc.}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:delegate (as noun and verb)|n: a representative to a political body; v. to assign or pass along a task, power, or sovereignty}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:delegate (as noun and verb)|n: a representative to a political body; v. to assign or pass along a task, power, or sovereignty}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:democracy|a form of government decidied by majority vote; a "pure democracy" would make every governmental or collective decision by a simple majority vote; the U.S. form of government has democratic elements constrained by republican structures of divided and limited government, and certain requirements for "super majority" votes (in the US Senate and for Constitutional amendment}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:direct tax|a tax that is applied "directly" to persons as opposed to an activity or material; the income tax is a "direct" tax, which required Constitutional amendment to allow under the law}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:direct tax|a tax that is applied "directly" to persons as opposed to an activity or material; the income tax is a "direct" tax, which required Constitutional amendment to allow under the law}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:disenfranchised|not allowd to vote; can be ''de jure'' (legal voting restrictions) or ''de facto'' (forcible, if illegal, voting restrictions}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:disenfranchised|not allowd to vote; can be ''de jure'' (legal voting restrictions) or ''de facto'' (forcible, if illegal, voting restrictions}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:dissent|to disagree or protest, usually in terms of a standing law or political opinion; in the Supreme Courts, a "dissenting" judge disagrees with the marjoity opinion}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:dissent|to disagree or protest, usually in terms of a standing law or political opinion; in the Supreme Courts, a "dissenting" judge disagrees with the marjoity opinion}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:domestic|related to national as opposed to overseas or international affairs}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:domestic|related to national as opposed to overseas or international affairs}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:duties| taxes on importation or sale of goods; "duties" usually refers to taxes on imported goods; note that "duties" constituted the largest source of revenue for the federal government up until the mid-20th century, when the personal and corporate income taxes were imposed at higher rates than when first introduced in 1914; after the Civil War up until that time, import duties constituted about half of federal revenues, with excise taxes (taxes on sale of certain goods) were about 40% of federal revenue; prior to the Civil War, import duties were the source of up to 90% of federal income; note the federal government also received significant revenue from land sales, mineral rights, etc.) }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:duties| taxes on importation or sale of goods; "duties" usually refers to taxes on imported goods; note that "duties" constituted the largest source of revenue for the federal government up until the mid-20th century, when the personal and corporate income taxes were imposed at higher rates than when first introduced in 1914; after the Civil War up until that time, import duties constituted about half of federal revenues, with excise taxes (taxes on sale of certain goods) were about 40% of federal revenue; prior to the Civil War, import duties were the source of up to 90% of federal income; note the federal government also received significant revenue from land sales, mineral rights, etc.) }}<li>Electoral College</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:emancipation|the act or process of freeing slaves (abolition)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:emancipation|the act or process of freeing slaves (abolition)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:embargo| to block or restrict access to something (Embargo Act of 1807, which restricted trade with Britain and France); embargo is usually in reference to a practical or legal exclusion of trade, or of a physical "naval blockade", such as the US embargo of Cuba in 1926; a naval blockade may be considered an act of war}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:embargo| to block or restrict access to something (Embargo Act of 1807, which restricted trade with Britain and France); embargo is usually in reference to a practical or legal exclusion of trade, or of a physical "naval blockade", such as the US embargo of Cuba in 1926; a naval blockade may be considered an act of war}}</ul></li>
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:infringe / infringement | to violate, or undermine, especially in law}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:infringe / infringement | to violate, or undermine, especially in law}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:intolerance| unwillingness to accept views, beliefs or persons different from oneself; in international affairs; the "Intolerable Acts" was a name given by the American colonists who opposed a series of Acts of Parliament called by England the "Coercive Acts"}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:intolerance| unwillingness to accept views, beliefs or persons different from oneself; in international affairs; the "Intolerable Acts" was a name given by the American colonists who opposed a series of Acts of Parliament called by England the "Coercive Acts"}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:laissez-faire| from French for "to leave alone"; used as reference to government non-intervention in the economy, usually regarding corporations; "laissez-faire" has a negative connotation, whereas supporters of government non-interference in the economy refer to that point of view as "libertarian"}}<li>legitimacy</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:laissez-faire| from French for "to leave alone"; used as reference to government non-intervention in the economy, usually regarding corporations; "laissez-faire" has a negative connotation, whereas supporters of government non-interference in the economy refer to that point of view as "libertarian"}}<li>landmark court case<li>legitimacy</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:mercantilism| colonialist policy of controling or regulating trade so as to require that colonial possessions only purchase from and sell to the mnother country; the philosophy was that economic "stakeholders" were home-country farms, businesses, and land owners}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:mercantilism| colonialist policy of controling or regulating trade so as to require that colonial possessions only purchase from and sell to the mnother country; the philosophy was that economic "stakeholders" were home-country farms, businesses, and land owners}}<li>{{#tip-text:nativism| "ethnocentric" belief in the dominant ethnicity and culture of a nation, particularly as regards immigration (called "chauvanisme" in French)}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:nativism| "ethnocentric" belief in the dominant ethnicity and culture of a nation, particularly as regards immigration (called "chauvanisme" in French)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:nullify / nullification| the theory that since the Constitution is a "compact" (agreement) of the states, the authority to withhold that agreement or parts of it remains with the states;  
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:nullify / nullification| the theory that since the Constitution is a "compact" (agreement) of the states, the authority to withhold that agreement or parts of it remains with the states;  
as in the "Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions" and the Nullification Crisis of 1830s)}}</ul></li>
as in the "Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions" and the Nullification Crisis of 1830s)}}</ul></li>
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:popular sovereignty|1850s political stance that held that territories and states should accept or not accept the practice of slavery based upon a vote of the people (i.e., "popular"; sovereignty = rule}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:popular sovereignty|1850s political stance that held that territories and states should accept or not accept the practice of slavery based upon a vote of the people (i.e., "popular"; sovereignty = rule}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:precedent| the judicial practice of adhereing to prior or "preceding" decisions; decisions that change "precedent" are considered "landmark"}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:precedent| the judicial practice of adhereing to prior or "preceding" decisions; decisions that change "precedent" are considered "landmark"}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:prohibition| >>definition here }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:power|power is exercised and/or expressed through 1) authority (source of power); 2) legitimacy (legality or justification for the power; 3) sovereignty (ultimate or "supreme" source of power, its heirarchies (levels) and ability to exercise power; power that has no authority has no legitimacy; power that is legitimate but has no authority is not sovereign, etc.}} </ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"Republican motherhood"| the Early Republic belief that the role of a patriotic mother was to raise their sons as good "republicans," i.e. members of a self-governed society (not the political party)>>definition here }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:prohibition|movement to ban the sale and consumnption of alchohol; "prohibition" may also be used regarding banning of other items, manufacture, or consumption; the period of "Prohibition" started in 1920 with the 18th Amendment and ended in 1932 with the 21st Amendment; the "temperance" movemement was the activism to achieve prohibition}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:republic|a state (in the sense of a nation) that is governed democratically through representative demoocracy, usually with divided authorities, such as legislative, executive and judicial branches of the government; in the U.S. republican governance also divides power between the federal government and the states; across U.S. history, the republican form of governance has changed in terms of citizen participation, starting with white male elites and/or landowners over the age of 21 (generally), extending to freed male slaves, to women, and by lowering the votiong age to 18; republicanism has also changed with the growth of federal over state powers}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"Republican motherhood"| the Early Republic belief that the role of a patriotic mother was to raise their sons as good "republicans," i.e. members of a self-governed society (not the political party)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:republican principles|"republicanism" is a form of self=government through democratically elected representatives; the "republican principles," therefore, are those ideals exercised to affect republican (representative) self-government; republicanism is also associated with divided and limited government}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:state|a sovereign political unit; in the "United States" the states are independent political entities that have yielded certain powers or sovereignties to the central government; internationally, a "state" is a country or nation (thus the "State Department" as the executive department that represents the country)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:state|a sovereign political unit; in the "United States" the states are independent political entities that have yielded certain powers or sovereignties to the central government; internationally, a "state" is a country or nation (thus the "State Department" as the executive department that represents the country)}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:states rights| sovereignty and powers of states; generally, the belief that the federal government should not "infringe" }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:states rights| sovereignty and powers of states; generally, the belief that the federal government should not "infringe" }}</ul></li>
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:socialism| an economic and political theory that the state (the government) should own the "means of production" (farming, industry, etc.); "socialists" across time have varied in the degree to which they call for state-control of different segments of the economy and society }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:socialism| an economic and political theory that the state (the government) should own the "means of production" (farming, industry, etc.); "socialists" across time have varied in the degree to which they call for state-control of different segments of the economy and society }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:sovereignty|rule or "rule over"; government authority or rule is called its "soveriegnty", thus a monarch is also called a "soveriegn"|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:sovereignty|rule or "rule over"; government authority or rule is called its "soveriegnty", thus a monarch is also called a "soveriegn"|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:suffrage| the right to vote; "suffragettes" were women activitists who promoted the right for women to vote}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:suffrage| the right to vote; the "suffrage movement" was the political movement to secure voting rights for women; "suffragettes" were women activitists who promoted the right for women to vote, such as Susan B. Anthony}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:tariff| taxes on imports; also called "duties" }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:tariff| taxes on imports; also called "duties" }}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:temperance movement| social and political movement to ban production and use of alcohol}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:temperance movement| social and political movement to ban production and use of alcohol}}<li>two-party system</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:unalienable| not divisible, cannot be taken away; thus in the Declaration, "unalienable rights" are those that people are born with and cannot be taken away; unalienable rights can be violated, but under the theory of "natural law" any violation of those rights is illegitimate; note: "unalienable" = same as "inalienable" }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:unalienable| not divisible, cannot be taken away; thus in the Declaration, "unalienable rights" are those that people are born with and cannot be taken away; unalienable rights can be violated, but under the theory of "natural law" any violation of those rights is illegitimate; note: "unalienable" = same as "inalienable" }}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:unintended consequence|effects of a policy, decision or action that are unexpected or unanticipated}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:unintended consequence|effects of a policy, decision or action that are unexpected or unanticipated}}</ul></li>
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* Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713
* Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Yamasee War, 1715-1717|frontier/ land disputes and conflicts between settlers and Native Americans in the Carolinas}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Yamasee War, 1715-1717|frontier/ land disputes and conflicts between settlers and Native Americans in the Carolinas}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Chickasaw Wars, 1721-1763|Chickasaw tribes suppported by the British v. French & allied tribes along the Mississippi Valley over access to the Mississippi River; the wars ended with conlcusion of the French-Indian Wars}}</ul></il>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Chickasaw Wars, 1721-1763|Chickasaw tribes suppported by the British v. French & allied tribes along the Mississippi Valley over access to the Mississippi River; the wars ended with conlcusion of the French-Indian Wars}}</ul>
* Dummer's War, 1722-25
* Dummer's War, 1722-25
* Pontiac's War, 1763-1766
* Pontiac's War, 1763-1766
Line 202: Line 360:
FI-->RP
FI-->RP
}}
}}
 
-------------
==== British & Colonial responses ====
==== British & Colonial responses ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
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}}
}}
 
-------------
==== Cyle of Escalation ====
==== Cycle of Escalation ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
PL[British Tax or Regulation]--Enforcement-->CP[Colonial Protest]-->ME[More enforcemment]
PL[British Tax or Regulation]--Enforcement-->CP[Colonial Protest]-->ME[More enforcemment]
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RP-->CP
RP-->CP
}}
}}
 
-------------
==== Repeal of Stamp Act to Boston Massacre ====
==== Repeal of Stamp Act to Boston Massacre ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
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TA-->IE
TA-->IE
}}
}}
 
-------------
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
IE[Increased enforcement]-->Sm[Protest, complaints, corruption<br>and confrontation with smugglers]
IE[Increased enforcement]-->Sm[Protest, complaints, corruption<br>and confrontation with smugglers]
Sm-->BOS[Occupation of Boston by British Troops]-->BM[Boston Massacre, 1770]
Sm-->BOS[Occupation of Boston by British Troops]-->BM[Boston Massacre, 1770]
}}
}}
 
-------------
==== Repeal Townsend Acts to Boston Tea Party ====
==== Repeal Townsend Acts to Boston Tea Party ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
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TA[Tea Act, 1773]-->BTP[Boston Tea Party]-->IA[Coercive Acts<br>to punish colonists]
TA[Tea Act, 1773]-->BTP[Boston Tea Party]-->IA[Coercive Acts<br>to punish colonists]
}}
}}
 
-------------
==== Intolerable Acts to Colonial Organization ====
==== Intolerable Acts to Colonial Organization ====
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
{{#mermaid:flowchart LR
CO[Colonial Organization]--Sons of Liberty<br>Committee on Correspondence-->CP[Colonial Protests]
IA-->CO
CO-->CB[Colonial Boycotts]
CO[Colonial Organization]--Sons of Liberty<br>Committee on Correspondence-->CP[Colonial Protests & Boycotts]
IA[Intolerable Acts, or Coersive Acts, 1774]-->CP
IA[Intolerable Acts, or Coersive Acts, 1774]-->CP
CP-->BR[British retaliation]-->CP
CP-->BR[British retaliation]-->CP
}}
}}
-------------


==== War ====
==== War ====
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CP[Colonial Protests]--anti-Parliament-->TP[1775: Paine's Comon Sense]--anti-King-->DI[1776: Declaration of Independence]
CP[Colonial Protests]--anti-Parliament-->TP[1775: Paine's Comon Sense]--anti-King-->DI[1776: Declaration of Independence]
}}
}}
-------------


= Vocabulary, Terms, and Periods =
= Vocabulary, Terms, and Periods =
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Circulatory Letter|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Circulatory Letter|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Committees of Correspondence|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Committees of Correspondence|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Common Sense|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Common Sense|}}</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Declaration of Independence|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Declaration of Independence|}}<li>direct representation</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Enlightenment philosophers|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Enlightenment philosophers|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:First Continental Congress|}}</ul></li>  
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:First Continental Congress|}}</ul></li>  


<ul><li>{{#tip-text:''Gaspee'' affair|1772, colonials burned the British ''HMS Gaspee'', which was enforcing Navigation Acts off of Rhode Island; the ''Gaspee'' had been aggressively boarding and inspecting colonial vessels and seizing cargo, and while chasing a colonial boat got stuck aground; a group of colonials took advantage of the boat's helplessness and attacked}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:''Gaspee'' affair|1772, colonials burned the British ''HMS Gaspee'', which was enforcing Navigation Acts off of Rhode Island; the ''Gaspee'' had been aggressively boarding and inspecting colonial vessels and seizing cargo, and while chasing a colonial boat got stuck aground; a group of colonials took advantage of the boat's helplessness and attacked}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:John Locke|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:John Locke|}}</ul>
Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer|by John Dickinson}}</ul></li>
<nowiki>Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer|by John Dickinson}}</nowiki>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Lexington/Concord|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Lexington/Concord|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Loyalist|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Loyalist|}}</ul></li>
Line 433: Line 593:
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stamp Act Congress|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stamp Act Congress|}}</ul></li>


<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Thomas Paine|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Thomas Paine|}}</ul>
 


<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Valley Forge|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Valley Forge|}}<li>virtual representation</ul>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Yorktown|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Yorktown|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Continental Congresses|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Continental Congresses|}}</ul>
Writs of Assistance|}}</ul></li>
<nowiki>Writs of Assistance|}}</nowiki>


=== British Laws & Regulations ===
=== British Laws & Regulations ===
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<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stamp Act|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Stamp Act|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sugar Act|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Sugar Act|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Townsend Acts|}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Townsend Acts|}}</ul>
</div><br>
</div><br>
-------------------
-------------------
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* James Madison
* James Madison
* New Jersey Plan
* New Jersey Plan
* Northwest Ordinance
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Northwest Ordinance|1787 law under the Articles of Confederation that included many protections and rights that would be included in the original US Constitution and Bill or Rights, including property rights, freedom of religion, ''habeus corpus'' and trial by jury, as well as a prohibition on slavery; also set conditions for admission of new states to the Union}}</ul></li>
* preamble
* preamble
* preamble to the Constitution
* preamble to the Constitution
Line 501: Line 660:
<div style="column-count:2">
<div style="column-count:2">
* 12th Amendment
* 12th Amendment
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:American System|based on ideas of Alexander Hamilton, promoted by Henry Clay and JQ Adams, general Whig policies of early to mid 18th century, including: tariff, land sales for revenue, National Bank, "internal improvements"}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:American System|based on ideas of Alexander Hamilton, promoted by Henry Clay and JQ Adams, general Whig policies of early to mid 18th century, including: tariff, land sales for revenue, National Bank, "internal improvements"}}</ul>
* Alien & Sedition Acts
* British-French conflict & Napoleonic Wars
* Cabinet
* Cabinet
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:CItizen Genet affair|French Ambassador Genet sparked outrage by his attempts to raise money and a miltia from US citizens to fight in France's war against Britain and Spain; Washington demanded his removal as ambassador}}</ul></li>
* Compromise of 1820
* Democratic-Republicans  
* Democratic-Republicans  
* election of 1800
* Era of Good Feelings
* Era of Good Feelings
* Federalists  
* Federalists  
* George Washington
* George Washington
* Hamilton
* Alexander Hamilton
* impressment
* impressment
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:internal improvements|Whig program, originating in Alexander Hamilton's ideas, of promotive national unity and econmic activity via federal investment in roads and canals (paid w/ tariffs and land sales) with econonic and industrial protection via a high tariff}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:internal improvements|Whig program, originating in Alexander Hamilton's ideas, of promotive national unity and econmic activity via federal investment in roads and canals (paid w/ tariffs and land sales) with econonic and industrial protection via a high tariff}}</ul></li>
* Jefferson
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Jay's Treaty|1794; settled dispute with British over the Canadian border and British military presence in the Northwest Territory and impressment of American sailors; among terms, the treaty encouraged American trade with Britain, to which Jeffersoians objected (they prefered relations with France), as well as the absence of compensation from Britain for lost slaves during the Revolutionary War, which southerners had insisted upon}}</ul></li>
* John Marshall
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Jeffersonians/ Jeffersonianism|adherents to Thomas Jefferson's vision of "American republicanism" based upon ; the philosophy was largely anti-commercialism (esp. banks, factories, merchants), anti-urban, and anti-(informal) aristocracy; Jeffersonianism supported universal whilte male suffrage and grass-roots democracy based on independent farmers}}</ul></li>
* judicial review
* Louisiana Purchase
* Louisiana Purchase
* Marbury v. Madison
* Marbury v. Madison (1804)
* McColluch v. Maryland
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:John Marshall|prominant Federalist, apponted as Chief Justice by Adams in the "midnight appointments" at the end of the Adams' presidency; Marshall supported "judicial review" which was fully establshed in ''Marbury v. Madison''}}</ul></li>
* McColluch v. Maryland (1819)
* Monroe Doctrine
* Monroe Doctrine
* Mossouri Compromise
* Mossouri Compromise
* National Bank
* National Bank
* Northwest Territory
* nullification
* nullification
* political parties  
* political parties  
* Republican motherhood
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Republican motherhood|in the early Republic, the notion of female participation in rebublican governance through raising and educating their sons in republicansism and in upholding those values in their own lives and outlook}}</ul></li>
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:republicanism|political doctrine of representative government through the votes of citizens of equal political status; republicanism was strongly anti-monarchy and anit-aristocracy; elements of republican philosophy include democracy, honest governance, individualism, property rights, self-rule}}</ul></li>
Revolution of 1800:
* Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
* Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
* War of 1812
* War of 1812
* Whigs
* Whiskey Rebellion
* Whiskey Rebellion
</div>
</div>
Line 530: Line 698:


== Antebellum period ==
== Antebellum period ==
* cotton gin
* land speculation


=== Jacksonian period ===
=== Jacksonian period ===
Line 540: Line 712:
* Jacksonian democracy
* Jacksonian democracy
* Indian Removal Act
* Indian Removal Act
* Nat Turner Rebellion (1831)
* Nullification Crisis
* Nullification Crisis
* Petticoat affair
* Petticoat affair
Line 559: Line 732:


===Social reform ===
===Social reform ===
* cult of domesticity
* American Anti-Slavery Society
* cult of domesticity
* Declaration of Sentiments
* Declaration of Sentiments
* Frederic Douglas
* emancipation
* emancipation
* Philadelphia Women's Anti-Slavery Convention
* Ralph Waldo Emerson
* Ralph Waldo Emerson
* Second Great Awakening
* Second Great Awakening
* Seneca Falls Convention
* Seneca Falls Convention
* Sojouner Truth
* Elizabeth Cady Stanton
* suffrage
* suffrage
* Temperance movement
* Henry David Thoreaux
* transcendentalism
* transcendentalism
* Uncle Tom’s Cabin
* Uncle Tom’s Cabin
* Underground Railroad
* Walden Pond
</div>
</div>
<br>
<br>
Line 574: Line 757:
=== Antebellum ===
=== Antebellum ===
<div style="column-count:2">
<div style="column-count:2">
* American Party
* Bloody Kansas
* John Calhoun
* Compromise of 1850
* Compromise of 1850
* Dred Scott decision
* Jefferson Davis
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Dred Scott decision|1857 written by Chief Justice Roger Taney of Maryland, the decision held that Scott, a slave who sued for freedom when his owner took him from the slave state Missouri to Illinois; Taney ruled that blacks are not citizens and thereby have no constitutional protections; the decision also invalidated the Missouri Compromise, stating that it violated slave owners' property rights; the Taney Court thought the ruling would settle the problem of slavery, but it instead inflamed it}}</ul>
* Gadsden Purchase
* Gadsden Purchase
* Gold Rush of 1849
* Gold Rush of 1849
* Henry Clay
* John Brown
* Kansas-Nebraska Act
* Kansas-Nebraska Act
* Know Nothings
* Lincoln-Douglas Debates
* manifest destiny
* manifest destiny
* Mexican American War
* Mexican American War
* popular sovereignty
* popular sovereignty
* Republic of Texas
* sectionalism
* sectionalism
* Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
* Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
* Daniel Webster
</div>
</div>
<br>
<br>
Line 594: Line 787:
* 1860 Election
* 1860 Election
* Anaconda Plan
* Anaconda Plan
* Antietam
* Appomattox
* Appomattox
* Confederacy
* Copperheads
* Emancipation Proclamation
* Emancipation Proclamation
* Ft. Sumter
* Ft. Sumter
* Gettysburg
* Gettysburg
* Gettysburg Address
* Gettysburg Address
* Robert E. Lee
* Lincoln’s pre-war stance on slavery
* Lincoln’s pre-war stance on slavery
* Sherman’s March
* Sherman’s March
* Vicksburg
* U.S. Grant
* U.S. Grant
* Union
</div>
</div>
<br>
<br>
Line 610: Line 809:
* 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
* 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
* black codes
* black codes
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"bloody shirt"|from the apocryphal (likely but not true) story of Rep. Benj. Butler in 1871 holding up a blood-stained shirt on the floor of the House of Representatives, which was supposedly from a carpetbagger who had been whipped by the KKK; Butler's speech was condemned by southerners who mocked the speech for having "waved the bloodys shirt" in a pathetic appeal; the term was used subsequently to accuse Republicans of trying to gain sympathy for their stances on the Civil War and Reconstruction, as well as later policies}}</ul></li>
* Compromise of 1877
* Compromise of 1877
* 40 acres and a mule
* 40 acres and a mule
Line 615: Line 815:
* grandfather clause
* grandfather clause
* homestead
* homestead
* Jim Crow laws
* Jim Crow laws Klu Klux Klan
* land grant
* land grant
* literacy tests
* literacy tests
Line 628: Line 828:
** Congressional program
** Congressional program
</div>
</div>
<br>
 
-------------------
-------------------


=== Post-Reconstruction ===
=== Post-Reconstruction ===
<div style="column-count:2">
 
=== Economic & Political ===
* Susan B. Anthony
* Andrew Carnegie
* Battle of Wounded Knee
* Battle of Wounded Knee
* bimetallism
* Chinese Exclusion Act
* Chinese Exclusion Act
* Dawes Act /assimilation
* Dawes Act /assimilation
Line 642: Line 840:
* Great Migration
* Great Migration
* Homestead Act of 1862
* Homestead Act of 1862
* melting pot
* nativism
* National Suffrage Movement
* Sand Creek Massacre
* Women's Christian Temperance Union<div style="column-count:2">
=== Economic & Political ===
* Andrew Carnegie
*
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:bimetallism|the policy of fixing the value of silver and gold so taht if one went up or down, the relative value of the other would stay the same; in the late 19th century, bimetallism was used politically to oppose the gold standard, especially by Wm. Jennings Bryan, who more largely argued for "free silver" but used bimetallism as a supposed compromise between gold and silver, although it would essential tie Gold to the decreasing value of silver, which was Bryan[s purpose}}</ul></li>
* economies of scale
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Coinage Act of 1873|created the "gold standard" by prohibiting owners of silver "bullion" (raw silver) to be allowed to convert it into silver dollars (while allowing god buillion to be converted into gold dollars); the Act effectively ended Civil War paper money currency, which was inflationary}}</ul></li>
* "free silver"
* Grange, the
* hard money
* laissez-faire capitalism
* laissez-faire capitalism
* melting pot
* monopoly
* monopoly
* nativism
* Nelson Rockefeller
* Nelson Rockefeller
* political bosses
* political bosses
Line 651: Line 861:
* Populist Party
* Populist Party
* robber barons
* robber barons
* Sand Creek Massacre
* Sherman Anti-trust Act
* Sherman Anti-trust Act
* silver
* social Darwinism
* social Darwinism
* soft money
* specie
* Standard Oil
* Standard Oil
* transcontinental railroad
* transcontinental railroad
* U.S. Steel
* U.S. Steel
</div>
 
<br>
<br>
-------------------
-------------------
Line 702: Line 914:
=== Progressive Era ===
=== Progressive Era ===
<div style="column-count:2">
<div style="column-count:2">
* "Square Deal”
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:"Square Deal”|Teddy Roosevelt's slogan to represent his agenda in support of the "common man" as against elites, called "plutocracy," i.e. industrialists, bankers, and politicians beholden (corruptly) to them; Roosevelt said that the rules of society were against common people, and he wanted them to have instead a "square deal"}}</ul></li>
* 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th Amendments
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:16th, 17th, 18th, 19th Amendments|students should be familiar with the "progressive" amendments: Income Tax (16th), Direct Election of Senators (17th), Prohibition (18th), Suffrage for Women (19th)}}</ul></li>
* Bull Moose Party
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Bull Moose Party|nickname for Teddy Roosevelt's Progressive Party campaign; comes from his statement after losing the Republican Party nomination in June, 1912 that he felt "strong as a bull moose"}}</ul></li>
* Elkins Act (1903)  
* Elkins Act (1903)  
* Eugene V. Debs
* Eugene V. Debs
Line 1,129: Line 1,341:
* nonviolence
* nonviolence
* Voting Rights Act of 1965
* Voting Rights Act of 1965
* George Wallace


=== Other Civil Rights and Political Movements ===
=== Other Civil Rights and Political Movements ===
* Silent Spring
* American Indian Movement (AIM)
* Cesar Chavez
* Chicano Movement
* environmentalism
* Grapes Boycott
* Michael Harrington
* Michael Harrington
* "Incorporation" Cases
* Roe v. Wade
* Roe v. Wade
* Silent Spring
* women’s liberation movement (NOW)
* women’s liberation movement (NOW)
* Cesar Chavez
* Grapes Boycott
* Chicano Movement
* American Indian Movement (AIM)
* Wounded Knee Incident
* Wounded Knee Incident
=== Johnson ===
=== Johnson ===
* Great Society
* Great Society
* War on Poverty
* War on Poverty
=== 1970s: Nixon, Ford & Carter ===
=== 1970s: Nixon, Ford & Carter ===
* Watergate
* Watergate
Line 1,162: Line 1,373:
* Iran-Contra Affair
* Iran-Contra Affair
* John Stockton
* John Stockton
* Reykjavík Summit
* Berlin speech
* Landslide
* Landslide
* Star Wars
* Star Wars
Line 1,167: Line 1,380:
* Reaganomics
* Reaganomics
* Supply-side economics
* Supply-side economics


=== End of the Cold War ===
=== End of the Cold War ===
Line 1,176: Line 1,388:
* Peace Dividend
* Peace Dividend
* NAFTA
* NAFTA
* "end of history"
* service sector economy
* service sector economy
* New Immigration
* New Immigration
Line 1,203: Line 1,416:
</div>
</div>
<br>
<br>
== Third Party movements ==
* notes
** third parties represent political movements that the major parties do not accommodate
*** or a split within them
** elections through to the 1830s had multiple candidates from the same party, so were not technically "third parties)
*** or they were divided geographically and/or over a particular issue or political position
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Party
!Election
!% of Popular Vote
!Notes
|-
|Anti-Masonic Party
|1832
|7.8%
|
* opposed "Freemasonry" (elitist secret society that was opposed by mainstream religous groups);
* the movement started wit hthe "Morgan affair", when a former Mason show spoke out against the society was murdered
* Freemasons were accused of secretly controlling the government
|-
|Liberty Party
|1844
|2.3%
|
* abolitionist, anti-slavery party
|-
| rowspan="2" |Free Soil
|1848
|10.1%
| rowspan="2" |
* opposed expansion of slavery into new territories
* former president Martin Van Buren was candidate in 1848
* formed after the Mexican-American War over concerns about the expansion of slavery
* the Free Soil party was mostly former Whigs who joined the Republican Party when they merged in 1854
|-
|1852
|4.9%
|-
|Know Nothing (American Party)
|1856
|21.6%
|
* anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic
* largely made up of Whigs after the collapse of that party
* the party also appealed to reformers, standing for rights of women, regulation of industry and labor, prefiguring the progressive movement
* former president Millard Filmore was candidate
|-
|Four-way split
|1860
|
|
* Republican (Abraham Lincolon): 39.8%
* Southern Democrat (John Breckinridge): 18.1%
* Constitutional Union (John Bell): 12.6%
* Democratic (Stephen Douglas): 29.5%
|-
|Liberal Republican
|1872
|43.8%
|
* candidate Horace Greeley, publisher of the ''New York Tribune''
* opposed President Grant as corrupt and his Reconstruction policies as too harsh (wanted removal of US Army from the South)
* opposed the high tariff and promoted civil service reform
* the Democratic party had no national organization, so Greeley hoped to attrack their vote, but failed
|-
| rowspan="2" |Greenback Party
|1876
|0.99%
| rowspan="2" |
* soft money platform, originally associated with the Grange (agricultural organization, cooperative)
* anti-monopoly, anti-railroads
|-
|1880
|3.35%
|-
| rowspan="7" |Prohibition Party
|1884
|1.5%
| rowspan="7" |
* single issue: temperance
* persisted longer than most third-party movements and influenced larger politics, with ultimate victory in the 18th amendment
|-
|1888
|2.2%
|-
|1896
|.094%
|-
|1900
|1.51%
|-
|1904
|1.92%
|-
|1912
|1.38%
|-
|1916
|1.19%
|-
|Populist Party
|1892
|8.5%
|
* agrarian, anit-business/railroad movement
* pro-soft money
|-
| rowspan="6" |Socialist Party
|1904
|2.98%
| rowspan="6" |
* Eugene Debs was the candidate in 1904, 1908, 1912 & 1920 elections
|-
|1908
|2.83%
|-
|1912
|6%
|-
|1916
|3.19%
|-
|1920
|3.41%
|-
|1932
|2.23%
|-
|Progressive Party
|1912
|27%
|
* Teddy Roosevelt's party after split with Republican Party following its convention in 1912
* Roosevelt took more votes than the Republican incumbant Taft (23.2%)
* with the Republican vote split, Wilson won with 41.8% of the popular voate
|-
|Progressive
|1924
|16.6%
|
* a diferent orgniazaiton form the Teddy Roosevelt's Progressive Party, which he abandoned after 1912 (he was nominated in 1916 but refused)
* former Republican Robert La Follette, a progressive how refused to back Roosevelt, reformed the party in 1924
|-
|Dixiecrat
Progressive
|1948
|2.4%
2.4%
|
* independent movements that were splinter factions from FDR's Democratic coalition that fell apart under Truman
** Dixiecrats were souther segregationists
** Progressives were FDR Democrats led by his former Vice President Henry Wallace
|-
|American Independent
|1968
|13.5%
|
* led by southern Democrat George Wallace, populist, segregationist governore of Alabama who opposed Johnson's support of the Civil Rights movement
|-
|John Anderson (Independent candidate)
|1980
|6.6%
|
* Republican John Anderson split from the Republican Party and ran as a "moderate" alternative to Reagan
|-
| rowspan="2" |Ross Pero (Independent candidate/ Reform Party)
|1992
|18.9%
| rowspan="2" |
* populist businessman Ross Perot opposed Bush and Clinton and gained widespread support
* in 1996, Perot ran on the Reform Party ticket, which he formed after 1992
|-
|1996
|8.4%
|-
|Green Party
|2000
|2.74%
|
* Envronmentalist and consumer activist Ralph Nader ran on the Green Party ticket and likely threw the close 2000 election to Bush, as he drew support from the Democratic left
|-
|Libertarian
|2016
|3.28%
|
* Libertarian party candidate Gary Johnson gained national support for his opposition to Obama's regulatory state and in opposition to Donald Trump's candidacy as a Republican
|-
|Robert F. Kennedy (independent candidate)
|2024
|?
|
* son of former Senator and assassinated 1968 presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy
* running as a third-party alternative to Biden and Trump
* critical of the COVID response and medical regime
|}
== Economic crises ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
|-
|Mississippi Company
|1720
|French company had Royal grant for trading rights to French colonies in Americas
* to cover French government debt over Louis XIV's wars, the government allowed the compan to issue paper money backed by national debt
* speculation in shares of the company led to more paper money issued, which was then put back into company shares, which led to the second largest bubble in economic history ($6.5 trillion peak value in current dollars, behind only the Dutch East India Company bubble)
|
|-
|Panic of 1792
|1792
|Short-lived panic caused by sudden credit expansion following the formation of the Bank of the United States, which led to land speculation
* a group of bankers tried to drive up pricies of securities (stocks, contracts) but failed to meet their loans, causing a bank run
* Alexander Hamilton stabilized the market with stock purchases by the government
|
|-
|Land bubble 1796
|1996
|Land speculation bubble that collapsed following specie payments suspension by the Bank of England, caused by a rush of bank withdrawals in England out of fear of a war with France
* the imnpact and connection of London banks to the American economy worried
|
|-
|Panic of 1819
|1819-1821
|Finanical crisis sparked by land speculation bubble, excess paper money, and issuance of bank notes unbacked by gold by the Second Bank of the United States
* as Europe recovered from the Napoleonic Wars, its agricultural product increased and led to price drops, which hurt American producers, who, in turn, were unable to pay back loans
* the Panic came amidst implementation of the "American System" of canal and road building and tariffs, which were blamed for the downturn
*
|
|-
|Panic of 1837
|1837-1843
|Major depression in which prices, profits, wages, and financial activity was severely curtailed
* led to mass unemployment
* impacted westward expansion and led t collapse in agricultural prices, especially cotton
* started with bank runs in New York when investors demanded their deposits from banks who could not back then in gold or silver
* was the worst financial crisis up until the Great Depression
* the panic followed a speculative boom that was fueled by land sales, cotton exports, and extensive inflows of silver from the US, Mexico and China
* President Jackson's dismantling of the Second Bank of the United States led to a disorderly unwinding of its assets and operations;
** however, the Bank itself contributed to the speculative bubble through issuance of paper money and loose oversight
* the Jackson administration's "Specie Circular of 1836," which was intended to halt speculation in land sales, dried up credit and helped spark the Panic
|
|-
|Panic of 1857
|1857-1859
|National financial crisis sparked by British change in requirements for gold and silver reserves for paper money
* the influx of gold from the California Gold Rush greatly expanded the money supply but was also inflationary and led to excessive speculation
* in the US, a finanical panic followed the collapse of a major investment company (Ohio Life Insurance and Trust)
* speculation in railroads had exploded, and many were fraudulent, and after the Ohio Life company failed, prices collapsed
* grain prices also experienced a bubble in the mid 1850s, which led to farmland speculation, both of which also collapsed in the Panic
|
|-
|Crédit Mobilier scandal
|1864-1867
|A railoard company created by the Union Pacific Railroad to build the eastern portion of the transcontinental railroad inflated its costs by $44 million dollars and paid bribes to politicians for laws and regulatory ruilings in its favor
* the scandal was broken by a newspaper during the 1874 presidential campaign and led to a political crisis for certain members of Congress and the Republican Party in general
* which along with other
|
|-
|Panic of 1873
|1873-1877
|
* bank runs in New York
* financial crisis due to inflation and speculative investments especially in railroads
* huge discoveries of silver in the west led to decline in the value of silver and the "demonitization of silver" in 1873 (Coinage Act of 1873), which lowered silver prices and thus impacted anyone invested in silver and silver mining
** it led to a reduction in the money supply and higher interest rates, which hurt debtors, especially farmers
* impacted Europe
* started the "Long Depression," 1873-1879
|
|-
|Panic of 1893
|1893-1897
|Econoic depression that was sparked by the failure of an Argentine bank, Baring Brothers, which collapsed over crops price collapse,
* which led to a run on American gold reserves by European investors who were facing losses there and in South Africa and Australia
* a railroad company collepse just before Grover Cleveland's 2nd inauguration led him to ask Congress to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which had forced the Government to purchase Silver in order to prop up its value, which was depleting the Government's gold reserves
* bank and railroad failures followed, with subsequent securities (stocks) and commodities price drops
* in 1895 the Government issued "Treasury bonds" which were purchased, by arrangement, by banks, especially the Morgan Bank of New York, but which helped stabilize Government gold reserves and general economic confidence
|
|}
== Resources ==
=== Suffrage, voting, democracy ===
* [https://americanhistory.si.edu/explore/exhibitions/american-democracy American Democracy | National Museum of American History (si.edu)]
* [https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/essays/winning-vote-history-voting-rights Winning the Vote: A History of Voting Rights | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History]
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---------------