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'''Timeline of major events and periods'''
'''Timeline of major events and periods'''
== Major wars & events general timeline ==
* Causes and effects of wars helps us to understand broader US History
* Wars are also useful for a timeline reference
** i.e., if you know that the Civil War occurred 1861-1865
*** then if you see an event or person associated with a date, for example, of 1858
*** then you will know that that event or person may be understood in terms of the coming Civil War
=== US Wars timeline ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
!Dates
!Major Wars
|-
|'''1754-1763'''
|'''French-Indian War'''
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
|
'''1775-1781'''
|'''Revolutionary War'''
|-
|'''1812-1815'''
|'''War of 1812'''
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
|'''1846-48'''
|'''Mexican-American War'''
|-
|
'''1861-65'''
|
'''U.S. Civil War'''
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
|'''1898'''
|'''Spanish-American war'''
|-
|
'''1917-18'''
|'''WWI''' (Europe)
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
|
'''1941-45'''
| '''WWII''' (Europe & Asia)
|-
|
'''1946-1989'''
|'''Cold War (US v. USSR)'''
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
|'''1950-1953'''
|'''Korean War'''
|-
|
'''1959-1965'''
|'''Vietnam: U.S. intervention'''
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
|'''1965-1972'''
|'''Vietnam: U.S. ground & aerial (airplanes) war'''
|-
|'''1990-91'''
|'''Gulf War'''
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
|'''2002-2021'''
|'''Afghanistan War'''
|-
|
'''2002-2021'''
|'''Iraq War'''
|-
|}
=== Major wars timeline with associate events & minor wars ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
!Dates
!Major Wars
!Dates
!Other Events & Minor Wars
|-
| colspan="4" |<center>'''18th Century (1700s)'''</center>
|-
|'''1754-1763'''
|'''French-Indian War'''
|1763-1783
|American Revolution
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
|
'''1775-1781'''
|'''Revolutionary War'''
|1789
|US Constitution adopted
|-
| colspan="4" |<center>'''19th Century (1800s)'''</center>
|-
|'''1846-48'''
|'''Mexican-American War'''
|1812-1815
|War of 1812
expansion of Slavery
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
| rowspan="2" |
'''1861-65'''
| rowspan="2" |
'''U.S. Civil War'''
|1850
|"Compromise of 1850"
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
|1865-1877
|Reconstruction period
|-
|'''1898'''
|'''Spanish-American War'''
|1867-1890s
|"Indian" or "Frontier" wars
"Battle of Little Bighorn," 1876
|-
| colspan="4" |<center>'''20th Century (1900s)'''</center>
|-
|
'''1917-18'''
|'''WWI''' (Europe)
|
|
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
| rowspan="2" |
'''1941-45'''
| rowspan="2" |'''WWII''' (Europe & Asia)
|1930s
|Great Depression
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
|1940s-1960s
|Civil Rights Movement
|-
| rowspan="2" |
'''1946-1989'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Cold War (US v. USSR)'''
|1950-1953
|Korean War
|-
|1962
|Cuban Missile Crisis
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
|
'''1965-1972'''
|'''Vietnam: U.S. ground & aeriel war'''
|1959-1965
|Vietnam War: US intervention
|-
|'''1990-1991'''
|'''Gulf War'''
|1991
|Soviet Union dissolved
|-
| colspan="4" |<center>'''21st Century (2000s)'''</center>
|-
|
'''2002-2021'''
|'''Afghanistan War'''
|2003-2011
|Iraq War/ "War on Terror"
|-
|}


== Major periods of US History ==
== Major periods of US History ==
* "periods" are eras (or times) that have a some commonality
* that we can look upon to understand and define an era
** no single period is completely distinct from any other
** but organizing US History into "periods" makes it more understandable
=== Major events timeline by century ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
!Century
!Period/s
!Major Events
|-
|'''17th Century (1600s)'''
|'''Colonial'''
|
* early English colonies in Virginia & Massachusetts
* colonial population growth via immigration and high birth rate
* expansion of religious tolerance
|-
|'''18th Century (1700s)'''
|'''Late Colonia/ (1700s-1760s)'''
'''Revolutionary (1760s-1780s
Early Republic (1790s)'''
|
* westward expansion of English settlements, into and across Appalachian Mts
* French-Indian War (1754-1763)
* expansion of slavery in South, esp. for tobacco planting
* Revolutionary period & war
* new Republic under the US Constitution & introduction of Bill of RIghts
|-
|'''19th Century (1800s)'''
|'''Antebellum'''
'''Civil War & Reconstruction'''
'''Industrialization'''
|
* western expansion, esp. Louisiana Purchase, Mexican-American War
* slave-based cotton economy & North-South division over slavery
* Civil War & Reconstruction
* European and East Asian immigration
* Industrialization and railroads
|-
|'''20th Century (1900s)'''
|'''American ImperialismWorld Wars & Cold Ear'''
'''American Century'''
|
* U.S. involvement in overseas  Wars
* WWII & subsequent Cold War w/ the USSR
* Collapse of USSR & American gobal dominance
|-
|'''21st Century (2000s)'''
|'''Sept. 11 & War on TerrorGlobalism'''
|
* American cultural and economic dominance
* Wars on Terror / Patriot Act
* Rise of global economy and China
|}
=== Major economic crises timeline - overview ===
for specific events and their details see [[AP US History vocabulary list#Economic crises|AP US History vocabulary list/Econonic crises]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+Economic Crises
!Period/s
!Event
!Causes/ Notes
|-
| colspan="3" |'''19th Century'''
|-
|Antebellum
Jacksonian Period
|
|
* the Early Republic offered many opportunities for "getting rich"
** land speculation
** shipping (ocean trade, river ferries, canals, etc.)
** railroad and telegraph (starting 1830s, most growth in the 1850s)
* consequently, U.S. and European banks and investors looked to profit from the incredible geographic and demographic expansion of the young nation
* thus causing "bubbles" that would "burst" when investors failed to receive expected profits or loans went unpaid
|-
|Gilded Age
|
|
* industrialism led to enormous economic growth and opportunity for investment
* railroads and telegraphs were especially important to this expansion
** as the country expanded westward, railroads connected markets
** a more connected nation and ability to transmit information quickly via telegraphs and distribute materials via railroads drove media empries in newspapers and magazines
**
|-
|Progressive Era
|Panic of 1907
|
* in late 1906, the stock market reacted poorly to the 1906 Hepburn Act, which
* Stock market crash (down 50%) during a recession due to a failed Trust company (investment firm) and a subsequent bank failure due to bad loans based upon a coal/iron company stock
* JP Morgan Co. intervened and led other investors to back the banks with credit and cash
* When the coal/iron company stock crashed, US Steel (owned in part by JP Morgan) took over the company, which covered the bad loans and market price loss
** it was significant because the T. Roosevelt administration gave tacit approval (by not objecting to it) of the takeover, even though it extended the U.S. Steel monopoly
** marks the distinction for T.R. between "good trusts" (US Steel) and "bad trusts" (Standard Oil)
* the Panic of 1907 led to calls to reform that nation's money supply, leading to the 1913 establishment of the Federal Reserve
|-
|post-WWI
|Depression of 1920
|
|-
|1930s
|Great Depression
|
|-
|Post-Vietnam
|1970s Stagflation
|Period of economic and political decline
|-
|Mortgage bubble
|2008 Great Recession
|
|}
=== Major periods timeline (by date range) ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Dates
!Period
|-
|1609-1763
|Early Colonial
|-
|1763-1775
|American Revolution
|-
|1775-1783
|Revolutionary War & American Independence
|-
|1783-1789
|Articles of Confederation
|-
|1789-1820
|Early Republic
|-
|1820s-1861
|"Antebellum" ("before the war")
|-
|1861-1877
|Civil War & Reconstruction
|-
|1877-1917
|Industrialization, Segregation, Immigration, Imperialism & Progressive Era
|-
|1917-1945
|WWI, 1920s, Great Depression & WWII
|-
|1945-1991
|Cold War period & "American Century"
|-
|1991-today
|Modern Globalism
|}
=== Major periods timeline w/ notes & details ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
!Dates
!Dates
!Period
!Period
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|-
|-
|1609-1763
|1609-1763
|Early colonial period
|Early Colonial
|
|
* earliest colonization =
* earliest colonization =
** Jamestown, Virginia  
** Jamestown, Virginia
** Plymouth, Massachusetts
** Plymouth, Massachusetts
* 13 colonies are established under British rule
* 13 colonies are established under British rule
|-
|-
|1763-1775
|1763-1775
|colonial revolutionary period
|American Revolution
|
|
* British government cracks down on colonies with
* British government cracks down on colonies with
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|-
|-
|1775-1783
|1775-1783
|Revolutionary War period
|Revolutionary War
Independence
|
|
* in the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the 13 colonies declare themselves independent of British rule
* in the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the 13 colonies declare themselves independent of British rule
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|-
|-
|1783-1789
|1783-1789
|Articles of Confederation period
|Articles of Confederation
|
|
* the 13 states form the United States of America under the "Articles of Confederation"
* the 13 states form the United States of America under the "Articles of Confederation"
** "confederation = a loose union of independent states
** "confederation = a loose union of independent states
* start to organize the new territories & lands taken from the British  
* start to organize the new territories & lands taken from the British  
** between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River  
** between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River
* each state largely governs itself and as a consequence, there are
* each state largely governs itself and as a consequence, there are
** conflicting laws
** conflicting laws
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|-
|-
|1789-1820
|1789-1820
|Early Republic period
|Early Republic
|
|
* 1789 the new government is established under the U.S. Constitution  
* 1789 the new government is established under the U.S. Constitution
* the Constitution establishes many powers for the new "federal" government
* the Constitution establishes many powers for the new "federal" government
* George Washington becomes the 1st President
* George Washington becomes the 1st President
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|-
|-
|1820s-1861
|1820s-1861
|mid-century "Antebellum" period
|Antebellum ("before the war")
("before the war")
|
|
* the early- to mid- 1800s mark periods of economic, population & territorial growth
* the early- to mid- 1800s mark periods of economic, population & territorial growth
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|-
|-
|1861-1877
|1861-1877
|Civil War & Reconstruction period
|Civil War
Reconstruction
|
|
* with election of the northerner, Abe Lincoln, southern states "secede" (separate themselves from) the Union of states
* with election of the northerner, Abe Lincoln, southern states "secede" (separate themselves from) the Union of states
** "Union" = the joining of states under the United States Constitution  
** "Union" = the joining of states under the United States Constitution
** southern states create a new government, "The Confederate States of America"
** southern states create a new government, "The Confederate States of America"
* 1861-65, "Civil War" between "the Union" (North) and "the Confederacy" (South)
* 1861-65, "Civil War" between "the Union" (North) and "the Confederacy" (South)
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|-
|-
|1877-1917
|1877-1917
|Industrialization, Segregation,
|Industrialization
Immigration, Imperialism
Segregation  
Immigration  


& Progressive periods
Imperialism
 
Progressive Era
|
|
* following the Civil War, northern states "industrialize"
* following the Civil War, northern states "industrialize"
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** thus, it is called "imperialism" for trying to impose rule of one country on another country that is somewhere else
** thus, it is called "imperialism" for trying to impose rule of one country on another country that is somewhere else
* from the 1890s-1917, many "reform" (looking for change) movements arise, especially  
* from the 1890s-1917, many "reform" (looking for change) movements arise, especially  
** to "clean" the cities and provide better living and working conditions for the poor  
** to "clean" the cities and provide better living and working conditions for the poor
** to "clean" politics from corruption and entrenched (deeply situated) powers
** to "clean" politics from corruption and entrenched (deeply situated) powers
** to regulate and control big companies and their economic power
** to regulate and control big companies and their economic power
|-
|-
|1917-1945
|1917-1945
|WWI, Great Depression & WWII periods
|WWI
1920s
 
Great Depression  
 
WWII
|
|
* in 1917, the US enters a major war in Europe, which is now calle "World War I"
* in 1917, the US enters a major war in Europe, which is now calle "World War I"
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** millions of soldiers sent to the War
** millions of soldiers sent to the War
** women working in factories and other jobs in place of the men
** women working in factories and other jobs in place of the men
** Americans of all races joined the war effort  
** Americans of all races joined the war effort
* the U.S. and its allies defeated German and Japan in 1945
* the U.S. and its allies defeated German and Japan in 1945
|-
|-
|1945-1991
|1945-1991
|"American Century" & Cold War period
|Cold War
 
"American Century"  
 
|
|
* following WWII, the United States dominated the world economically and politically
* following WWII, the United States dominated the world economically and politically
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|-
|-
|1991-today
|1991-today
|Modern globalism period
|Modern globalism
|
|
* after the collapse of the Soviet Union, all nations were more free to trade and invest in each other
* after the collapse of the Soviet Union, all nations were more free to trade and invest in each other
* China, especially, embraced the new conditions and opened itself as a manufacturing base
* China, especially, embraced the new conditions and opened itself as a manufacturing base
** other countries also experienced rapid economic growth  
** other countries also experienced rapid economic growth
* however, wars, disease, famines, persist into the world of today, including
* however, wars, disease, famines, persist into the world of today, including
** US involvement in Afghanistan and Iraq wars
** US involvement in Afghanistan and Iraq wars
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|}
|}


== Major wars & events general timeline ==
== Revolution Period ==


=== American Revolution Period general timeline ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!
!Dates
!
!Major War
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!Dates
|1754-1763
!Major Events / Minor Wars
|French-Indian War
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|1763-83
|American Revolution
|-
|1774-1789
|Continental Congress & the Articles of Confederation
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|1775-83
|American Revolutionary War
|-
|1776
|Declaration of Independence
|-
|-
| '''1754-1763'''
|1781
| '''French-Indian War'''
|English surrender to American forces under Washington
|1763-1783
|American Revolution
|-style="background-color:#efefef;"
|
'''1775-1781'''
| '''Revolutionary War'''
|1789
|US Constitution adopted
|-
|-
|'''1846-48'''
|1783
|'''Mexican-American War'''
|Treaty of Paris officially ends American Revolutionary War
|1812-15
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|War of 1812
|1787-1789
|-style="background-color:#efefef;"
|Constitutional Convention and adoption of the US Constitution
| rowspan="2" |
'''1861-65'''
| rowspan="2" |
'''U.S. Civil War'''
|1850
|"Compromise of 1850"
|-style="background-color:#efefef;"
|1865-1877
|Reconstruction period
|-
|-
|
|1791
'''1917-18'''
|Adoption of the US Constitution
|'''WWI'''
|1898
|Spanish-American War
|-style="background-color:#efefef;"
| rowspan="2" |
'''1941-45'''
| rowspan="2" |'''WWII'''
|1930s
|Great Depression
|-style="background-color:#efefef;"
|1950s-60s
|Civil Rights Movement
|-
|-
|
|
'''1946-1989'''
|'''Cold War'''
|1950-1953
|Korean War
|-style="background-color:#efefef;"
|
|
'''1965-1972'''
|'''Vietnam: U.S. ground & aeriel war'''
|1959-65
|Vietnam War: US intervention
|-
|
'''2002-2021'''
|'''Afghanistan War'''
|2003-11
|Iraq War/ "War on Terror"
|-
|}
|}


== Revolution Period: major wars & events timeline w/ details ==
=== American Revolution Period timeline w/ details ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!
!
!
!
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|1754-1763
|1754-1763
|French-Indian War
|French-Indian War
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* Britain (England) defeated France and seized all of Canada and lands east of the Mississippi
* Britain (England) defeated France and seized all of Canada and lands east of the Mississippi
*  
*  
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|1763-83
|1763-83
|American Revolution
|American Revolution
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** imposed rules and restrictions on trade
** imposed rules and restrictions on trade
** prohibited the colonists from settling in the new lands west of the Appalachian Mts ("Indian Territory)
** prohibited the colonists from settling in the new lands west of the Appalachian Mts ("Indian Territory)
* the colonists begin to protest  
* the colonists begin to protest
* key events of the American Revolution
* key events of the American Revolution
** 1765: Stamp Act, tax and regulations imposed by Britain
** 1765: Stamp Act, tax and regulations imposed by Britain
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|-
|-
|1774-1789
|1774-1789
|Continental Congress & the Articles of Confederation  
|Continental Congress & the Articles of Confederation
|BIG IDEAS:
|BIG IDEAS:


* a "congress" is a meeting of representatives from different places  
* a "congress" is a meeting of representatives from different places
* the "Continental Congress" is the organization of the 13 Colonies that joined together for common cause to oppose British rule
* the "Continental Congress" is the organization of the 13 Colonies that joined together for common cause to oppose British rule
* the Continental Congress started after the British passed the "Intolerable Acts" and blockaded Boston harbor in response to the Boston Tea Party
* the Continental Congress started after the British passed the "Intolerable Acts" and blockaded Boston harbor in response to the Boston Tea Party
Line 284: Line 582:
** the Articles did not create a strong national government
** the Articles did not create a strong national government
** they proved incapable of resolving many difficulties and disagreements
** they proved incapable of resolving many difficulties and disagreements
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|1775-83
|1775-83
|American Revolutionary War
|American Revolutionary War
| BIG IDEAS:
| BIG IDEAS:


* in 1775 fighting started between colonial "militia" (private soldiers) and British soldiers in Massachusetts  
* in 1775 fighting started between colonial "militia" (private soldiers) and British soldiers in Massachusetts
** the f
*  
* on July 4, 1776, representatives of the 13 colonies signed the "Declaration of Independence" which "declared" (stated as fact) that the colonies were now independent from Britain


*  
*  
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|-
|1776
|Declaration of Independence
|on July 4, 1776, representatives of the 13 colonies signed the "Declaration of Independence" which "declared" (stated as fact) that the colonies were now independent from Britain
|-
|1781-1783
|End of Revolutionary War
|BIG IDEAS
 
* in 1781 British forces surrender to the Americans under Washington at Yorktown, Virginia
* in 1783 the Treaty of Paris officially ends the American Revolutionary War
** in the Treaty, Britian yielded all lands between the 13 colonies and the Mississippi River
** which greatly expands the size of the new nation
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|1787-1789
|1787-1789
|Constitutional Convention and adoption of the US Constitution
|Constitutional Convention and adoption of the US Constitution
Line 307: Line 617:
|-
|-
|1791
|1791
|Adoption of the US Constition
|Adoption of the US Constitution
|BIG IDEAS
|BIG IDEAS


* as the new country developed from 1783-1789, many problems arose, such as
* as the new country developed from 1783-1789, many problems arose, such as
** lack of common (or uniform), national currency (money)
** lack of common (or uniform), national currency (money)
** lack of common laws  
** lack of common laws
** lack of ability for the national government to pay its debts due to inability to tax
** lack of ability for the national government to pay its debts due to inability to tax
** lack of general organization and standardization (rules) for relations between the states
** lack of general organization and standardization (rules) for relations between the states
Line 318: Line 628:
** the assembly at Annapolis didn't achieve much, but decided upon calling for another convention the next year at Philadelphia
** the assembly at Annapolis didn't achieve much, but decided upon calling for another convention the next year at Philadelphia
** the 1787 Constitutional Convention met at Philadelphia and proposed a new form of government among the states
** the 1787 Constitutional Convention met at Philadelphia and proposed a new form of government among the states
*** called the US Constitution  
*** called the US Constitution
*** it was proposed to the states, which debated it and voted for or against
*** it was proposed to the states, which debated it and voted for or against
*** by 1788, enough states had agreed upon adopting the new Constitution, so the government was set to open in 1791
*** by 1788, enough states had agreed upon adopting the new Constitution, so the government was set to open in 1791
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