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'''Timeline of major events and periods'''
'''Timeline of major events and periods'''


== Major wars & events general timeline ==
== Major wars & events general timeline ==


* Causes and effects of wars helps us to understand broader US History
* Wars are also useful for a timeline reference
** i.e., if you know that the Civil War occurred 1861-1865
*** then if you see an event or person associated with a date, for example, of 1858
*** then you will know that that event or person may be understood in terms of the coming Civil War
=== US Wars timeline ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
!Dates
!Major Wars
|-
|'''1754-1763'''
|'''French-Indian War'''
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
|
'''1775-1781'''
|'''Revolutionary War'''
|-
|'''1812-1815'''
|'''War of 1812'''
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
|'''1846-48'''
|'''Mexican-American War'''
|-
|
'''1861-65'''
|
'''U.S. Civil War'''
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
|'''1898'''
|'''Spanish-American war'''
|-
|
'''1917-18'''
|'''WWI''' (Europe)
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
|
'''1941-45'''
| '''WWII''' (Europe & Asia)
|-
|
'''1946-1989'''
|'''Cold War (US v. USSR)'''
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
|'''1950-1953'''
|'''Korean War'''
|-
|
'''1959-1965'''
|'''Vietnam: U.S. intervention'''
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
|'''1965-1972'''
|'''Vietnam: U.S. ground & aerial (airplanes) war'''
|-
|'''1990-91'''
|'''Gulf War'''
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
|'''2002-2021'''
|'''Afghanistan War'''
|-
|
'''2002-2021'''
|'''Iraq War'''
|-
|}
=== Major wars timeline with associate events & minor wars ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Dates
!Dates
!Major War
!Major Wars
!Dates
!Dates
!Major Events / Minor Wars
!Other Events & Minor Wars
|-style="vertical-align:top; "background-color:#ecf4ff;"
|-
| '''1754-1763'''
| colspan="4" |<center>'''18th Century (1700s)'''</center>
| '''French-Indian War'''
|-
|'''1754-1763'''
|'''French-Indian War'''
|1763-1783
|1763-1783
|American Revolution
|American Revolution
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
|
|
'''1775-1781'''
'''1775-1781'''
| '''Revolutionary War'''
|'''Revolutionary War'''
|1789
|1789
|US Constitution adopted
|US Constitution adopted
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|-
| colspan="4" |<center>'''19th Century (1800s)'''</center>
|-
|'''1846-48'''
|'''1846-48'''
|'''Mexican-American War'''
|'''Mexican-American War'''
|1812-15
|1812-1815
|War of 1812  
|War of 1812
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
expansion of Slavery
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
'''1861-65'''
'''1861-65'''
Line 31: Line 104:
'''U.S. Civil War'''
'''U.S. Civil War'''
|1850
|1850
|"Compromise of 1850"  
|"Compromise of 1850"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
|1865-1877
|1865-1877
|Reconstruction period
|Reconstruction period
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|-
|'''1898'''
|'''Spanish-American War'''
|1867-1890s
|"Indian" or "Frontier" wars
"Battle of Little Bighorn," 1876
|-
| colspan="4" |<center>'''20th Century (1900s)'''</center>
|-
|
|
'''1917-18'''
'''1917-18'''
|'''WWI'''
|'''WWI''' (Europe)
|1898
|
|Spanish-American War
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
'''1941-45'''
'''1941-45'''
| rowspan="2" |'''WWII'''
| rowspan="2" |'''WWII''' (Europe & Asia)
|1930s
|1930s
|Great Depression
|Great Depression
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
|1940s-1960s
|Civil Rights Movement
|-
|-
|1950s-60s
| rowspan="2" |
|Civil Rights Movement
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
'''1946-1989'''
'''1946-1989'''
|'''Cold War'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Cold War (US v. USSR)'''
|1950-1953
|1950-1953
|Korean War
|Korean War
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|-
|1962
|Cuban Missile Crisis
|- style="background-color:#efefef;"
|
|
'''1965-1972'''
'''1965-1972'''
|'''Vietnam: U.S. ground & aeriel war'''
|'''Vietnam: U.S. ground & aeriel war'''
|1959-65
|1959-1965
|Vietnam War: US intervention
|Vietnam War: US intervention
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|-
|'''1990-1991'''
|'''Gulf War'''
|1991
|Soviet Union dissolved
|-
| colspan="4" |<center>'''21st Century (2000s)'''</center>
|-
|
|
'''2002-2021'''
'''2002-2021'''
|'''Afghanistan War'''
|'''Afghanistan War'''
|2003-11
|2003-2011
|Iraq War/ "War on Terror"
|Iraq War/ "War on Terror"
|-
|-
|}
|}


== Revolution Period: major wars & events timeline w/ details ==
== Major periods of US History ==
 
* "periods" are eras (or times) that have a some commonality
 
* that we can look upon to understand and define an era
** no single period is completely distinct from any other
** but organizing US History into "periods" makes it more understandable
 
=== Major events timeline by century ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Century
!Period/s
!Major Events
|-
|'''17th Century (1600s)'''
|'''Colonial'''
|
* early English colonies in Virginia & Massachusetts
* colonial population growth via immigration and high birth rate
* expansion of religious tolerance
|-
|'''18th Century (1700s)'''
|'''Late Colonia/ (1700s-1760s)'''
'''Revolutionary (1760s-1780s
Early Republic (1790s)'''
|
* westward expansion of English settlements, into and across Appalachian Mts
* French-Indian War (1754-1763)
* expansion of slavery in South, esp. for tobacco planting
* Revolutionary period & war
* new Republic under the US Constitution & introduction of Bill of RIghts
|-
|'''19th Century (1800s)'''
|'''Antebellum'''
'''Civil War & Reconstruction'''
 
'''Industrialization'''
|
* western expansion, esp. Louisiana Purchase, Mexican-American War
* slave-based cotton economy & North-South division over slavery
* Civil War & Reconstruction
* European and East Asian immigration
* Industrialization and railroads
|-
|'''20th Century (1900s)'''
|'''American ImperialismWorld Wars & Cold Ear'''
'''American Century'''
|
* U.S. involvement in overseas  Wars
* WWII & subsequent Cold War w/ the USSR
* Collapse of USSR & American gobal dominance
|-
|'''21st Century (2000s)'''
|'''Sept. 11 & War on TerrorGlobalism'''
|
* American cultural and economic dominance
* Wars on Terror / Patriot Act
* Rise of global economy and China
|}
 
=== Major economic crises timeline - overview ===
for specific events and their details see [[AP US History vocabulary list#Economic crises|AP US History vocabulary list/Econonic crises]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+Economic Crises
!Period/s
!Event
!Causes/ Notes
|-
| colspan="3" |'''19th Century'''
|-
|Antebellum
Jacksonian Period
|
|
* the Early Republic offered many opportunities for "getting rich"
** land speculation
** shipping (ocean trade, river ferries, canals, etc.)
** railroad and telegraph (starting 1830s, most growth in the 1850s)
* consequently, U.S. and European banks and investors looked to profit from the incredible geographic and demographic expansion of the young nation
* thus causing "bubbles" that would "burst" when investors failed to receive expected profits or loans went unpaid
|-
|Gilded Age
|
|
* industrialism led to enormous economic growth and opportunity for investment
* railroads and telegraphs were especially important to this expansion
** as the country expanded westward, railroads connected markets
** a more connected nation and ability to transmit information quickly via telegraphs and distribute materials via railroads drove media empries in newspapers and magazines
**
|-
|Progressive Era
|Panic of 1907
|
* in late 1906, the stock market reacted poorly to the 1906 Hepburn Act, which
* Stock market crash (down 50%) during a recession due to a failed Trust company (investment firm) and a subsequent bank failure due to bad loans based upon a coal/iron company stock
* JP Morgan Co. intervened and led other investors to back the banks with credit and cash
* When the coal/iron company stock crashed, US Steel (owned in part by JP Morgan) took over the company, which covered the bad loans and market price loss
** it was significant because the T. Roosevelt administration gave tacit approval (by not objecting to it) of the takeover, even though it extended the U.S. Steel monopoly
** marks the distinction for T.R. between "good trusts" (US Steel) and "bad trusts" (Standard Oil)
* the Panic of 1907 led to calls to reform that nation's money supply, leading to the 1913 establishment of the Federal Reserve
|-
|post-WWI
|Depression of 1920
|
|-
|1930s
|Great Depression
|
|-
|Post-Vietnam
|1970s Stagflation
|Period of economic and political decline
|-
|Mortgage bubble
|2008 Great Recession
|
|}
 
=== Major periods timeline (by date range) ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Dates
!Period
|-
|1609-1763
|Early Colonial
|-
|1763-1775
|American Revolution
|-
|1775-1783
|Revolutionary War & American Independence
|-
|1783-1789
|Articles of Confederation
 
|-
|1789-1820
|Early Republic
|-
|1820s-1861
|"Antebellum" ("before the war")
|-
|1861-1877
|Civil War & Reconstruction
|-
|1877-1917
|Industrialization, Segregation, Immigration, Imperialism & Progressive Era
|-
|1917-1945
|WWI, 1920s, Great Depression & WWII
|-
|1945-1991
|Cold War period & "American Century"
|-
|1991-today
|Modern Globalism
|}
 
=== Major periods timeline w/ notes & details ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
!Dates
!Period
!BIG IDEAS
|-
|1609-1763
|Early Colonial
|
* earliest colonization =
** Jamestown, Virginia
** Plymouth, Massachusetts
* 13 colonies are established under British rule
|-
|1763-1775
|American Revolution
|
* British government cracks down on colonies with
** taxes & regulations
** British army & British-appointed judges and governors
* American colonists protest and agitate for rights and self-government
|-
|1775-1783
|Revolutionary War
Independence
|
* in the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the 13 colonies declare themselves independent of British rule
* 13 colonies organize loose "confederation" to fight British
* Americans win the war and become fully independent of Britain
* each colony now becomes an independent state
|-
|1783-1789
|Articles of Confederation
|
* the 13 states form the United States of America under the "Articles of Confederation"
** "confederation = a loose union of independent states
* start to organize the new territories & lands taken from the British
** between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River
* each state largely governs itself and as a consequence, there are
** conflicting laws
** conflicting currencies
** no organization or war debts
** generally ineffective national government
* in 1787 representatives of the 13 states gather in Philadelphia to create a new government
** called the "Constitutional Convention
** it is sent to the states for "adoption" (agreement of each state to join)
 
|-
|1789-1820
|Early Republic
|
* 1789 the new government is established under the U.S. Constitution
* the Constitution establishes many powers for the new "federal" government
* George Washington becomes the 1st President
** he establishes its legitimacy (accepted by the people) and authority (power)
* political parties (political affiliations) arise as different states and "factions" (like-minded people) arise
* there is great animosity (hatred) and division between the parties
* 1800 election is contentious (disputed) and divisive
** still, the outcome is accepted and Thomas Jefferson becomes President
** the election is called the "Revolution of 1800" because
*** despite bitterness and division, power was peacefully transferred from presidents Adams to Jefferson
* subsequently. the American people develop a sense of national unity and pride
|-
|1820s-1861
|Antebellum ("before the war")
|
* the early- to mid- 1800s mark periods of economic, population & territorial growth
* it is also a period of extensive expansion of slavery across the South ("cotton economy")
* the U.S. expands its territory across the entire continent following the 1846 Mexican-American War
** the U.S. seizes from Mexico western territories (modern New Mexico, Arizona, California and parts of other states)
* the expansion of the U.S. leads to division and political conflict over the spread of slavery
* deals in Congress to manage the issues of slavery and other economic and tax issues
** leads to "sectional" division between "the North" and "the South"
|-
|1861-1877
|Civil War
Reconstruction
|
* with election of the northerner, Abe Lincoln, southern states "secede" (separate themselves from) the Union of states
** "Union" = the joining of states under the United States Constitution
** southern states create a new government, "The Confederate States of America"
* 1861-65, "Civil War" between "the Union" (North) and "the Confederacy" (South)
* the Union wins and commences a program of "Reconstruction" of the Union =
** re-uniting the southern states with the Union
** abolishing slavery and protecting the rights of the freed slaves
* "Reconstruction" in the South required occupation of southern states by northern "Union" armies
** the disputed presidential election of 1876 leads to a deal to decide the election in favor of a Republican
** in exchange for removal of U.S. troops from the South
** with removal of those troops, Reconstruction ends
|-
|1877-1917
|Industrialization
Segregation
Immigration
 
Imperialism
 
Progressive Era
|
* following the Civil War, northern states "industrialize"
** railroads are built across the country, connecting trade and markets across the continent
** steel and other factories grow in size and create huge demand for labor (workers)
* after 1877, southern states enact "segregation" laws to limit the rights of blacks (former slaves)
* millions of immigrants come to the US from Europe and Asia (Japan and China)
** looking for jobs in the factories, railroads and for cheap land
** with the immigration populations of major cities explode
** which causes problems with sanitation, living & working conditions, health care, etc.
* in 1898, the U.S. engages in its first truly "imperialistic" war
** by attacking Spanish colonies of Cuba, Puerto Rico and Philippines
** the U.S. for the first time goes to war outside of the continental United States
** thus, it is called "imperialism" for trying to impose rule of one country on another country that is somewhere else
* from the 1890s-1917, many "reform" (looking for change) movements arise, especially
** to "clean" the cities and provide better living and working conditions for the poor
** to "clean" politics from corruption and entrenched (deeply situated) powers
** to regulate and control big companies and their economic power
|-
|1917-1945
|WWI
1920s
 
Great Depression
 
WWII
|
* in 1917, the US enters a major war in Europe, which is now calle "World War I"
** it is the first American military involvement in Europe
* into the 1920s, the US economy grew tremendously
** called the "Roaring Twenties"
** new consumer products (autos, telephones, radios) and business investments
** in Oct, 1929, the New York stock exchange collapsed ("Crash of '29")
** an economic depression followed
* Great Depression, 1929-1941
** period of economic decline and disruption (bank failures, job loss, etc.)
** the 1933-35 "New Deal" attempted to fix the Depression
*** it provided "relief" (help) to people with jobs and pay
*** but it did not resolve the economic decline
* during the 1930s Japan and Germany invaded other countries
* Dec 7, 1941, Japan bombed a U.S. Naval base, Pearl Harbor, in Hawaii (middle of Pacific Ocean)
** subsequently the U.S. went to war against Japan in Asia and Germany in North Africa and Europe
* the U.S. "mobilized" (put to common effort) the entire population, including
** millions of soldiers sent to the War
** women working in factories and other jobs in place of the men
** Americans of all races joined the war effort
* the U.S. and its allies defeated German and Japan in 1945
|-
|1945-1991
|Cold War
 
"American Century"
 
|
* following WWII, the United States dominated the world economically and politically
** thus the 20th Century is called the "American Century"
* however, the Soviet Union (communist Russia), which fought the Germans in conjunction with the Americans
** occupied eastern Europe and placed those countries under communist rule
* the US and its "Western" (non-communist) allies opposed Soviet expansion
** politically, by helping non-communist countries and opposing communist ideas ("ideology")
** militarily by supplying countries with arms, direct American military presence, and direct military wars
*** 1950-1954: Korean War
*** 1959-1975: Vietnam War
*** the U.S. did not directly fight against the Soviets in these wars
*** instead the U.S. fought the Soviet communist allies in those countries
* the US and Soviets both built extensive nuclear weapons
** so each side had the power to blow up the other
** this kept peace between them because if one attacked the other it would get blown up by nuclear reprisal (fighting back)
* in 1989, the Soviet Union broke apart due to its poor economy, political corruption
** which were the result of the communist system
|-
|1991-today
|Modern globalism
|
* after the collapse of the Soviet Union, all nations were more free to trade and invest in each other
* China, especially, embraced the new conditions and opened itself as a manufacturing base
** other countries also experienced rapid economic growth
* however, wars, disease, famines, persist into the world of today, including
** US involvement in Afghanistan and Iraq wars
** civil wars in Africa, Myanmar, eastern Europe
** political instability across the Mideast
|}
 
== Revolution Period ==
 
=== American Revolution Period general timeline ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
!
!
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|1754-1763
|French-Indian War
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|1763-83
|American Revolution
|-
|1774-1789
|Continental Congress & the Articles of Confederation
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|1775-83
|American Revolutionary War
|-
|1776
|Declaration of Independence
|-
|1781
|English surrender to American forces under Washington
|-
|1783
|Treaty of Paris officially ends American Revolutionary War
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|1787-1789
|Constitutional Convention and adoption of the US Constitution
|-
|1791
|Adoption of the US Constitution
|-
|
|
|}
 
=== American Revolution Period timeline w/ details ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!
!
!
!
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|1754-1763
|1754-1763
|French-Indian War
|French-Indian War
Line 83: Line 550:
* Britain (England) defeated France and seized all of Canada and lands east of the Mississippi
* Britain (England) defeated France and seized all of Canada and lands east of the Mississippi
*  
*  
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|1763-83
|1763-83
|American Revolution
|American Revolution
Line 91: Line 558:
** imposed rules and restrictions on trade
** imposed rules and restrictions on trade
** prohibited the colonists from settling in the new lands west of the Appalachian Mts ("Indian Territory)
** prohibited the colonists from settling in the new lands west of the Appalachian Mts ("Indian Territory)
* the colonists begin to protest  
* the colonists begin to protest
* key events of the American Revolution
* key events of the American Revolution
** 1765: Stamp Act, tax and regulations imposed by Britain
** 1765: Stamp Act, tax and regulations imposed by Britain
Line 104: Line 571:
|-
|-
|1774-1789
|1774-1789
|Continental Congress & the Articles of Confederation  
|Continental Congress & the Articles of Confederation
|BIG IDEAS:
|BIG IDEAS:


* a "congress" is a meeting of representatives from different places  
* a "congress" is a meeting of representatives from different places
* the "Continental Congress" is the organization of the 13 Colonies that joined together for common cause to oppose British rule
* the "Continental Congress" is the organization of the 13 Colonies that joined together for common cause to oppose British rule
* the Continental Congress started after the British passed the "Intolerable Acts" and blockaded Boston harbor in response to the Boston Tea Party
* the Continental Congress started after the British passed the "Intolerable Acts" and blockaded Boston harbor in response to the Boston Tea Party
Line 115: Line 582:
** the Articles did not create a strong national government
** the Articles did not create a strong national government
** they proved incapable of resolving many difficulties and disagreements
** they proved incapable of resolving many difficulties and disagreements
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|1775-83
|1775-83
|American Revolutionary War
|American Revolutionary War
| BIG IDEAS:
| BIG IDEAS:


* in 1775 fighting started between colonial "militia" (private soldiers) and British soldiers in Massachusetts  
* in 1775 fighting started between colonial "militia" (private soldiers) and British soldiers in Massachusetts
** the f
*  
* on July 4, 1776, representatives of the 13 colonies signed the "Declaration of Independence" which "declared" (stated as fact) that the colonies were now independent from Britain


*  
*  
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|-
|1776
|Declaration of Independence
|on July 4, 1776, representatives of the 13 colonies signed the "Declaration of Independence" which "declared" (stated as fact) that the colonies were now independent from Britain
|-
|1781-1783
|End of Revolutionary War
|BIG IDEAS
 
* in 1781 British forces surrender to the Americans under Washington at Yorktown, Virginia
* in 1783 the Treaty of Paris officially ends the American Revolutionary War
** in the Treaty, Britian yielded all lands between the 13 colonies and the Mississippi River
** which greatly expands the size of the new nation
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|1787-1789
|1787-1789
|Constitutional Convention and adoption of the US Constitution
|Constitutional Convention and adoption of the US Constitution
Line 138: Line 617:
|-
|-
|1791
|1791
|Adoption of the US Constition
|Adoption of the US Constitution
|BIG IDEAS
|BIG IDEAS


* as the new country developed from 1783-1789, many problems arose, such as
* as the new country developed from 1783-1789, many problems arose, such as
** lack of common (or uniform), national currency (money)
** lack of common (or uniform), national currency (money)
** lack of common laws  
** lack of common laws
** lack of ability for the national government to pay its debts due to inability to tax
** lack of ability for the national government to pay its debts due to inability to tax
** lack of general organization and standardization (rules) for relations between the states
** lack of general organization and standardization (rules) for relations between the states
Line 149: Line 628:
** the assembly at Annapolis didn't achieve much, but decided upon calling for another convention the next year at Philadelphia
** the assembly at Annapolis didn't achieve much, but decided upon calling for another convention the next year at Philadelphia
** the 1787 Constitutional Convention met at Philadelphia and proposed a new form of government among the states
** the 1787 Constitutional Convention met at Philadelphia and proposed a new form of government among the states
*** called the US Constitution  
*** called the US Constitution
*** it was proposed to the states, which debated it and voted for or against
*** it was proposed to the states, which debated it and voted for or against
*** by 1788, enough states had agreed upon adopting the new Constitution, so the government was set to open in 1791
*** by 1788, enough states had agreed upon adopting the new Constitution, so the government was set to open in 1791
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