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US History timeline & concept chart: 10th-16th centuries pre-colonial Native Americans to early North American colonization (Spanish, French, Dutch): Difference between revisions

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US History timeline & concept chart: 10th-16th centuries pre-colonial Native Americans to early North American colonization (Spanish, French, Dutch) (view source)

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Objective:  
Objective:  
[[category:US History]]
[[category:AP United States History]]
[[category:US History timelines & concept charts]]


* [[US History timeline & concept chart: periods, events & themes]]
* [[US History timeline & concept chart: periods, events & themes]]
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See also:  
See also:  
* << to do
* << to do
Unit BIG IDEAS
Native American economies
* hunting / gathering
* farming
* trade
Colonial economies & motives
* Spanish/ Portuguese
** resources extraction
*** Native American slave labor
*** African slave labor
** Evangelism / religion
* Dutch/French/English:
** trade
Colonial settlement & growth patterns
* Spanish
** mixed races / caste system
*** origin / racial composition
*** ''Peninsulares ='' Spanish born in Spain
*** ''Criolles'' = Spanish born in colonies
*** Mestizos = mixed Spanish/Native American
*** Native American
* English colonial population growth
** English
*** farming settlements
*** frontier
* French settlement
** mixed races




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|-  
|-  
|}
|}


== Age of Exploration and Columbian Exchange ==
== Age of Exploration and Columbian Exchange ==
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* 1492 Columbus lands in Caribbean<br><br>
* 1492 Columbus lands in Caribbean<br><br>
* 1497 British explore North American coast<br><br>
* 1497 British explore North American coast<br><br>
* 1523-1534 French expeditions to Canada<br><br>
* 1524 Verrazano expedition on behalf of France<br><br>
* 1524 Verrazano expedition on behalf of France<br><br>
* 1540 Spanish expeditions into modern U.S. territory by Coronado (Southwest) & de Soto Southeast)<br><br>
* 1540 Spanish expeditions into modern U.S. territory by Coronado (Southwest) & de Soto Southeast)<br><br>
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* 1608 French explorer Champlain founds Quebec<br><br>
* 1608 French explorer Champlain founds Quebec<br><br>
* 1609 Sante Fe founded by Spanish<br><br>
* 1609 Sante Fe founded by Spanish<br><br>
* 1523/1534 French expeditions to Canada
 
||
||
=== political and economic background ===
=== political and economic background ===
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|}
|}


== Protestant Reformation & religious conflict ==
=== post-Columbian exchange changes ===
* trade, especially fur trade
* technological and economic exchange changed intra-tribal power dynamics, including:
* iron tools and weapons, guns, horses
** colonial and European trade and currencies/ value systems
* tribal leverage of colonial contacts for competition & expansion
||
'''BIG IDEAS'''
[[File:Early Localization Native Americans NY.svg|thumb|Map of the New York tribes before European arrival:  Iroquoian tribes   Algonquian tribes]]
* Northeastern Native American tribal alliances
** '''Iroquois''' tribes
*** located west and south of the St. Lawrence River
*** generally aligned with the British
** '''Algonquin''' tribes
[[File:Algonquian langs.png|thumb|Pre-contact distribution of Algonquian languages]]
*** generally aligned with the French
*** located east and north of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes
'''DETAILS'''
* '''Iroquois League''', established c. 1450 (prior to Columbus), lasted to 1660
** confederacy of Iroquois speaking tribes: Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca
** the most powerful of Indian alliances
** ''Iroquois'' = French name given to the tribes
** to the Iroquois, their name was "Haudenosaunee" for "People of the Longhouse"
** the League was known to the English as '''Five Nations'''
*** later Six Nations after Tuscarora joined in 1722)
** NOTE: “nation” or “clans” = better descriptor than “tribes” but collections of tribes who share certain commonalities, viz location, language, leadership, conquest, adoption
** the League negotiated w/ English, maintained independence
** opposed to the Algonquian, which were aligned w/ French, but some Iroquois settled in French held territory and aligned w/ them
*** was also opposed to the Iroquois-speaking '''Huron''' tribes
** to control the Beaver trade, the Iroquois League sought:
*** to control the St. Lawrence River system & lower Great Lakes
*** to control the Ohio Valley
** Iroquois succeeded in controlling Ohio valley by 1670
*** and pushed other tribes further west, such as the Lakotas and the Shawnee
** Iroquois expansion also included western Maryland and Virginia
* '''Wabanaki Confederacy''', 1680s
** alliance of four main and ten other Algonquian tribes in '''Acadia'''
*** Acadia =New France province in modern Maine
** organized to oppose New England encroachment on lands above settled boundary on the Kennebec River in modern Maine
** '''Wabanaki'' means " "People of the Dawn" or "Easterner"
|-
|}
 
== Post-Columbian indigenous peoples overview ==
{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
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! cell style="width:60%"|'''Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events'''
! cell style="width:60%"|'''Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|
| '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
* 1517 Protestant Reformation<br><br>
* 1492+ Post-Columbian
* 1527 Henry VIII separates from Catholic Church<br><br>
* 1642–1651 English Civil War<br><br>
* 1649-1653 Oliver Cromwell & the Commonwealth of England (Protestant rule)<br><br>
* 1649 Maryland Toleration Act (religious tolerance)<br><br>
* 1661 "English Restoration" of Charles II
||
||
=== Martin Luther & Protestant Reformation ===
=== linguistic and cultural areas ===
=== Religious conflict & persecution as push factor on migration to colonial America ===
=== tribal alliances ===
=== Rhode Island & religious freedom ===
=== culture ===
=== Quakers ===  
=== architecture ===
 
* Pueblo adobe houses
* Iroquois "longhouses"
* Mound builders
=== land use ===
* hunting (extensive forests)
* trade (waterways)
* farming (localized)
* communal ownership
||
||
'''BIG IDEAS'''
'''BIG IDEAS'''
* Protestant Reformation propels European nationalism
* European entry to Americas changed Indian alliances, cultures, economies & populations
* Henry VIII’s break from Catholic Church ensures English-Spanish competition / wars
* Rhode Island was started by Puritan Roger Williams who was exiled from Massachusetts
** Williams named Rhode Island "Providence Plantation" and established religious tolerance
* English Civil War, 1642–1651 = religious conflict that spills over to colonies
** Charles I executed in 1649
** the war continued until 1651 when Charles II was exiled
** "Royalists" v. "Parliamentarians"
* 1649-1653 Oliver Cromwell & the Commonwealth of England (Protestant rule)
** the Commonwealth marked by political dissention
** only Cromwell held it together, falling apart a year after his death in 1658 and his son's unsuccessful rule
** "Restoration" of Charles II in 1660
* see also  Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648
* American colonial anti-Catholicism drives colonial identity and serves as catalyst for American Revolution following British take-over of French-Canadian Catholic provinces in Canada
* Protestant objections to centralized Church of England doctrine leads to the splinter religious movement known generally as Puritans and their offshoots, including the Brownists, (from which the Pilgrims arose), Quakers, Levelers, Anabaptists, etc.
* 1636 Rhode Island passed acts to prohibit religious persecution of "non-Trinitarians"
** "Trinitarian" refers to believers of the "Holy Trinity", which is a core Catholic belief
** Rhode Island is considered the first government to separate "Church and State"
* 1649 Maryland passed the Maryland Toleration Act to enforce religious tolerance for Catholics ("Trinitarians")
** the Rhode Island and Maryland laws explicitly protected only Christians
*** after the English Restoration, Rhode Island welcomed Quakers, Jews and others seeking religious liberty
'''DETAILS'''
'''DETAILS'''
* during English Civil War American colonialists were divided in loyalties
* Native North American linguistic areas
** Puritan colonies, especially Massachusetts, aligned with the Parliamentarians
** Northeast
*** with the Parliamentarian victory, some Puritan colonialists returned to England
*** Algonquian
** Virginia (a "crown colony" as of 1634) and Maryland ("proprietary colony" but owned by the Catholic Calver family) were strongly allied with Royalists
*** Iroquoian
*** The "Plundering Time" or "Claiborne and Ingle's Rebellion" = Protestant invasion of Kent Island and St. Mary's City in Maryland, 1644-46
** Southeast and Gulf region
**** two years of raiding and turmoil
*** Southeastern woodlands
**** Maryland governor, Cecilius Calvert (2nd Lord Baltimore), fled to Virginia
** Midwest
*** Lord Baltimore regained power 1646
*** Plains Linguistic Ara
*** during the Commonwealth, Parliament appointed protestant commissioners who opposed Lord Baltimore
** Pueblo
**** the commissioners essentially ran the state from 1654-1658
** Western
**** under protestant rule, Maryland repealed the 1649 '''Maryland Toleration Act''' (which had provided for religious tolerance)
*** Northern California
*** "Battle of the Severn" in 1655 near Annapolis, MD, called "the last battle of the English Civil War" (see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Severn Battle of the Severn (wikipedia)]
*** Northwest Coast
**** a protestant settlement at Horn Point on the Severn River skirmished with Lord Baltimore's forces
*** Pacific Northwest
*** in 1658 Lord Baltimore regained control and an amnesty was declared
*** Plateau
* '''Quakers''' = "Religious Society of Friends"
* source [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas Linguistic areas of the Americas (wikipedia)]
** = Puritans who were considered extremists for their belief that the "Light of Christ" resided in every person
* Hopewell culture
** in 1681, the Quaker William Penn traded a debt owed to his father by King Charles II for the province of Pennsylvania
* Mississippi culture
*** by 1685, 8,000 Quakers had moved to Pennsylvania
* '''Reciprocity'''
*** Penn encouraged protestant German immigrants, including Lutherans, Mennonites, Amish, and other sects
** Native American concept of sharing of land, resources, and labor
*** many of these groups settled on farm land, thus "Pennsylvania Dutch country"
** was part of cultural misunderstanding between European and native populations over land and object ownership
* Sources:
|-
** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States History or Religion in the United States (wikipedia)]
|}


|- style="vertical-align:top;"
== Post-Columbian Eastern Native American tribes overview ==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
! '''Major Events, Concepts & Themes'''
! cell style="width:60%"|'''Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|
* 1450-1660 Iroquois League<br><br>
* 1680s Wabanaki Confederacy
||
=== Iroquois League or Confederacy ===
* preceded European presence in North America
* originally located south of the Great Lakes
* empowered by and expanded via European fur trade and weapons
|}
|}


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* = abusive of Native Americans
* = abusive of Native Americans
* '''De Las Casas''': Spanish priest wrote about cruelties v. Indians
* '''De Las Casas''': Spanish priest wrote about cruelties v. Indians
* Sepulveda: Spanish humanist philosopher justified enslavement of Indians  
* '''Sepulveda''': Spanish humanist philosopher justified enslavement of Indians  
=== New Laws ===
=== New Laws ===
* Spanish reforms for better treatment of Indians
* Spanish reforms for better treatment of Indians
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* '''New Laws/Laws of 1542'''
* '''New Laws/Laws of 1542'''
** Preceded by Laws of Burgos of 1512, which were supposed to protect Natives, but were ignored
** Preceded by Laws of Burgos of 1512, which were supposed to protect Natives, but were ignored
** Issued by Spanish King (also Holy Roman Emperor Charles V)
** Issued by Spanish King Charles I (who was also Holy Roman Emperor Charles V)
** Reforms, following Pueblo Revolt  
** Reforms, following Pueblo Revolt  
** Ended encomienda system
** Ended encomienda system
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|
|
|}
|}


== French North American colonization ==
== French North American colonization ==
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|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|
|
* <<< to do
* 1534 Jacques Cartier expedition explores to Newfoundland and St. Lawrence River
* 1541 Cap-Rouge: first French settlement at modern day Quebec City (fails)
 
* 1608 Samuel de Champlain explores Great Lakes and establishes Quebec
 
* 1701 Detroit settlement by Antoine de la Moth Cadillac
 
* 1718 New Orleans established
* 1763 Treaty of Paris ends Seven Years War / French- Indian War; France cedes all territories east of the Mississippi River to Britain
||
||
=== New France ===   
=== New France ===   
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||
||
'''BIG IDEAS'''
'''BIG IDEAS'''
* primary objective = fur trade
* early French settlements along North American East coast fail
* lack of population migration
** later settlements endure, but populations remain low
* less competition with Native Americans over land and land use
*** settlements include in modern Canada, Florida Coast and Gulf of Mexico (modern Alabama and Louisiana)
** lack of migration from France = low populations
* French North American primary objective = fur trade
** less competition with Native Americans over land and land use
** "''couriers du bois''" = French sent to explore, learn from and trade with native tribes
** frequent inter-marriages between French men and Native American women
* '''Beaver Wars'''
* '''Beaver Wars'''
** French and Algonquin allies against Iroquois League
** French and Algonquin allies against Iroquois League
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*** disproportionate number of adult males with military backgrounds
*** disproportionate number of adult males with military backgrounds
** had strong relationships Native American allies and developed effective military techniques with them
** had strong relationships Native American allies and developed effective military techniques with them
* for French exploration of the Great Lakes region, see [https://project.geo.msu.edu/geogmich/french_explorers.html The French explorers (msu.edu)] and [https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/explorers/intro10.htm National Park Service - Explorers and Settlers (Historical  Background) (nps.gov)] (includes exploration down the Mississippi River)
|- - style="vertical-align:top;"
|- - style="vertical-align:top;"
|}
|}
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|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|
|
* timeline here<br><br>
* 1602 Dutch East India Company formed to explore North American to find passage to Asia<br>
* 17xx xxxx<br><br>
* 1607/7 Henry Hudson makes claims for Netherlands
* 17xx xxxx<br><br><br>
** 1610/11 he makes claims for England<br>
* 17xx xxxx<br><br>
* 1623 New Netherland founded, with settlements in modern Delaware and New Jersey
* note spacing between lines using <nowiki><br><br></nowiki> code
* 1626 Dutch East India Company purchases Manhattan Island from Lenape tribe; New Amsterdam established (modern NYC)<br>
* 1664 British seize New Amsterdam and rename it New York
||
||
=== subsection 1 ===   
=== subsection 1 ===   
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||
||
'''BIG IDEAS'''
'''BIG IDEAS'''
* bid ideas here
* Dutch explorations and settlements in North American were focused on 1) finding passageway to Asia; and 2) trade with Native Americans and the Caribbean
'''DETAILS'''
'''DETAILS'''
* details here
* details here
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== Slavery origins in Americas ==
== British North American colonization ==
{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
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|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|
|
* 1583: English claim Newfoundland<br><br>
* 1585: first English settlement at Roanoke, VA<br><br>
* 1587: "Lost colony" of Roanoke (abandoned by 1590)<br><br>
* 1603: King James I crowned<br><br>
* 1606 First Charter of Virginia<br><br>
* 1607 Jamestown settlement<br><br>
* 1608 Separatist group moves to Holland<br><br>
* 1618 Great Charter (established VA self-governance)<br><br>
* 1620 Mayflower Company/ Plymouth settled by Pilgrims<br><br>
* 1622 Jamestown Massacre<br><br>
* 1624: Virginia Company abolished; royal Colony<br><br>
* 1639: Fundamental Orders of Connecticut<br><br>
* 1642: House of Burgesses
||
=== Push / Pull factors ===
* conditions that "pushed" British emigration
* conditions that "pulled" colonial immigration
=== Joint Stock Company ===
* shared ownership for commercial venture; used by England for 1st colonies
* Virginia Company: to establish colonies & find gold (didn’t)
=== Headright System ===
* land grant for brining laborers to colonies
=== Indentured servants ===
===  House of Burgesses ===
* legislature, governing body of VA colony
=== Separatists (religious) ===
* wanted autonomous congregations “separate” from Church of England
* Puritans: anti-papal/ anti-Catholic, wanted to “purify” English Churches
* Pilgrims: separatists group sailed to Plymouth from Holland
* Mayflower Compact: Pilgrim contract for self-rule
* William Bradford: became Plymouth Colony governor; wrote book “On “Plymouth Plantation”
=== John Winthrop & "city upon a hill" ===
* Mass Bay Colony leader
* called it “city upon a hill”
* insisted on church rules
* “A Model of Christian Charity”: Winthrop sermon declaring Christian mission of the colony
||
'''BIG IDEAS'''
* Corporate structure & charters of British colonial enterprises
* British settlements & interactions/ conflicts with Native Americans
* Religious movements & motivations
* Concept of self-governance expressed/ experienced:
** House of Burgessses
** John Winthrop
** Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
* Push/Pull factors for British settlement in North America
{| class="wikitable"
| '''Push factors'''
* population growth
* religious persecution
* primogeniture (1st born inherits)
* political advantage
* criminality
|| '''Pull factors'''
* adventurism
* religious freedom
* political opportunity
* economic opportunity
* "new start"
|-
|}
'''DETAILS'''
* '''Joint-stock company'''
** = artificial entity to limit liability and distribute profits/losses across multiple ownership via “stocks” or portions of the enterprise
** originated in order to distribute risk in dangerous/ uncertain ventures such as trans-oceanic trade or colonial enterprise
** generally require legal authorization, esp. from monarchs in early modern Europe
* '''Virginia Company of London''' aka the "London Company" or the "Virginia Company," 1607-1624
** 1624: abolished and Virginia became “crown colony”
** Chartered by James I, actually a series of companies and colonial activities
** goal = establish English settlements on N.A. east cost
*** also = find gold (didn’t), but did learn tobacco from Indians, John Rolfe (married Pocahontas) cultivated new strains for European market
** self-governed enterprise
** = possible source of democratic impulse among colonials
* '''Jamestown''', 1607
** 1st settlements failed, resupplied
** '''Anglo-Powhatan wars'''
** English enmeshed in Indian tribal warfare
** 1610: English attacked tribes, took hostages,
** 1612 tribal leader '''Powhatan''' arranged peace, married daughter to Rolfe
** Powhatan’s successor took anti-English position, led attacks
** '''Jamestown Massacre''', 1622, Indians murdered colonials
** peace agreements by 1627-32, but English expansion westward continued, led to war in 1644, finally Treat of 1646 turned tribes into English subjects, Virginia Colony expansion
* '''Headright System/Headrights'''
** = grant of land to colonial settlers
** first employed w/ VA colony, then Plymouth and others
** the “great charter” 1816 established headright system
** purpose was to populate, invest and procure labor
** land grants up to 1000 acres prior to departure
** in exchange for sending labor, usually indentured servants
* '''Fundamental Orders of Connecticut''', 1639
** Ii 1636, disaffected Massachusetts Puritans settled in Connecticut River valley
** 1638 Roger Ludlow petitioned Governor Winthrop for authority for those settlements to “united ourselves to walk and lie peaceably and lovingly together”
** 1639 Connecticut established as separate colony
** ''Fundamental Orders'' document declared protection of certain rights of individuals, limits on the government and the secret ballot for election of magistrates
** = considered first written constitution in English tradition and important step towards “self-goverance”
** thus the modern “Constitution State” state motto
* '''House of Burgesses''', 1642-1776
** local assembly/ legislature for Virginia colony, bicameral
** replaced the “Council of State” which operated under the Great Charter
** gained power over governors over time, representation expanded w/ colony
** tension w/ British government
* '''Separatists''', 16th-17th centuries
** Protestants who wanted independent churches from Church of England
** initially illegal and persecuted but gained power under Oliver Cromwell, a separatist (1649-1660)
** wanted congregations to be self-determinant (i.e., anti-centralized church, = democratic spirit)
** 1608 separatist group fled to Holland (under James I of England who was persecuting them)
** 1620, off-shoot group, Pilgrims sailed to Plymouth, MA from Holland where they had lived apporx 10 yrs to escape persecution in England; wanted religious freedom but didn’t want to become Dutch
* '''Puritans'''
** wanted to “purify” Church of England from Catholic remnants
** strongly anti-papist (“popery”)
** want total separation from Catholic church
** most stayed with Church of England (see separatists and pilgrims)
** established Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1630 w/ Pilgrim separatists
* '''Mayflower Compact'''
** signed on the ship, Nov. 11, 1620 just off Cape Cod
** destination was Virginia Colony, but the ship landed at Cape Cod, and stayed there
** used that as excuse to declare self-governance
** maintained allegiance to England & James I
** text:
<pre>“IN THE NAME OF GOD, AMEN. We… Do by these Presents, solemnly and mutually, in the Presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid: And by Virtue hereof do enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions, and Officers, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general Good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due Submission and Obedience …”</pre>
** = declaration of self-governance/ democracy
* '''William Bradford''', 1590-1657
** of Plymouth Plantation
** Separatist, Pilgrim, 2nd & on/off governor of Plymouth Colony starting 1635
** inherited farm & wealth
** interested in philosophy & religion, was persecuted as separatist
** in 1607 left for Holland to escape, started a business, married into a wealthy English family
** became ill during 1st winter at Plymouth (others died)
** as governor negotiated w/ local Indians (Massasoit of the Pokanokets), created alliance w/ Pokanokets
** wrote “on Plymouth plantation” = important historical record
* '''John Winthrop''', 1587-1649
** Pilgrim, arrived 1630, settled in area of Boston today
** leader of Mass Bay Colony
** encouraged common effort (not relying on servants for labor)
** helped shape legal system, opposed magistrate (officials in the “General Court” which served as the government) powers as arbitrary, called for laws to shape policies
** opposed pure democracy but supported rights of members of community, especially in church / congregation affairs
** did not support offshoot religious views, including Ann Hutchinson and other new arrivals (1630s), who were banished
** “antinomians” argued against following strict religious law and for salvation through grace
** famed for vision of colony as “city upon a hill” , saw the movement as a modern biblical exodus and example for the world “the eyes of all people are upon us”
** "A Model of Christian Charity"
*** started as a diary of voyage to America and life in the colony, important primary source document
** later expanded on his philosophy and religious/ political outlook
** from it, “Model” was a sermon to define Christian community
**  “City upon a Hill” from this speech
*** saw puritan society as a model state
*** saw religious rules as essential, called them “Justice and Mercy” and should apply to all, rich and poor
** historians see “City upon a Hill” as a statement of “American exceptionalism”
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|}
== Post-Columbian Eastern Native American tribes overview ==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
! '''Major Events, Concepts & Themes'''
! cell style="width:60%"|'''Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
* 1450-1660 Iroquois League<br><br>
* 1680s Wabanaki Confederacy
||
=== Iroquois League or Confederacy ===
* preceded European presence in North America
* originally located south of the Great Lakes
* empowered by and expanded via European fur trade and weapons
=== post-Columbian exchange changes ===
* trade, especially fur trade
* technological and economic exchange changed intra-tribal power dynamics, including:
* iron tools and weapons, guns, horses
** colonial and European trade and currencies/ value systems
* tribal leverage of colonial contacts for competition & expansion
||
||
'''BIG IDEAS'''
[[File:Early Localization Native Americans NY.svg|thumb|Map of the New York tribes before European arrival:  Iroquoian tribes   Algonquian tribes]]
* Northeastern Native American tribal alliances
** '''Iroquois''' tribes
*** located west and south of the St. Lawrence River
*** generally aligned with the British
** '''Algonquin''' tribes
[[File:Algonquian langs.png|thumb|Pre-contact distribution of Algonquian languages]]
*** generally aligned with the French
*** located east and north of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes
'''DETAILS'''
* '''Iroquois League''', established c. 1450 (prior to Columbus), lasted to 1660
** confederacy of Iroquois speaking tribes: Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca
** the most powerful of Indian alliances
** ''Iroquois'' = French name given to the tribes
** to the Iroquois, their name was "Haudenosaunee" for "People of the Longhouse"
** the League was known to the English as '''Five Nations'''
*** later Six Nations after Tuscarora joined in 1722)
** NOTE: “nation” or “clans” = better descriptor than “tribes” but collections of tribes who share certain commonalities, viz location, language, leadership, conquest, adoption
** the League negotiated w/ English, maintained independence
** opposed to the Algonquian, which were aligned w/ French, but some Iroquois settled in French held territory and aligned w/ them
*** was also opposed to the Iroquois-speaking '''Huron''' tribes
** to control the Beaver trade, the Iroquois League sought:
*** to control the St. Lawrence River system & lower Great Lakes
*** to control the Ohio Valley
** Iroquois succeeded in controlling Ohio valley by 1670
*** and pushed other tribes further west, such as the Lakotas and the Shawnee
** Iroquois expansion also included western Maryland and Virginia
* '''Wabanaki Confederacy''', 1680s
** alliance of four main and ten other Algonquian tribes in '''Acadia'''
*** Acadia =New France province in modern Maine
** organized to oppose New England encroachment on lands above settled boundary on the Kennebec River in modern Maine
** '''Wabanaki'' means " "People of the Dawn" or "Easterner"
|-
|}
== Slavery origins in Americas ==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
! '''Major Events, Concepts & Themes'''
! cell style="width:60%"|'''Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
||
=== transatlantic slave trade ===  
=== transatlantic slave trade ===  
* "triangular trade "
* "triangular trade "
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* Middle Passage mortality rate is estimated at 12.5% or 2.2 million people
* Middle Passage mortality rate is estimated at 12.5% or 2.2 million people
* estimated 15.3 million people were sent to the Americas as slaves
* estimated 15.3 million people were sent to the Americas as slaves
* estimated 33% of slaves died during the first year at Caribbean destinations, called “seasoning camps,” with perhaps 5 million having died there across the slaving period.
* estimated 33% of slaves sent to “seasoning camps” in the Caribbean died their, mostly of dysentry;
* estimated 5% of African slaves brought to Americas went to North American colonies
* estimated 5% of African slaves brought to Americas went to North American colonies
* '''Olaudah Equiano''' wrote a memoir of experiences as slave (published 1789)  
* '''Olaudah Equiano''' wrote a memoir of experiences as slave (published 1789)  
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** subsequent enslavement was in the Caribbean  
** subsequent enslavement was in the Caribbean  
** purchased his freedom from his final slave owner, Robert King, a Philadelphia Quaker who conducted trade in the Caribbean
** purchased his freedom from his final slave owner, Robert King, a Philadelphia Quaker who conducted trade in the Caribbean
** Equiano conducted business with King who taught him literacy and business and allowed him to buy his freedom  
** Equiano conducted business with King who taught him to read and business, and allowed him to buy his freedom
** in 1766, Equiano moved to England as a freedman, since in Georgia he was almost kidnapped on the docks where he was unloading a shipment and sent back to slavery
** in 1766, Equiano moved to England as a freedman, since in Georgia he was almost kidnapped on the docks where he was unloading a shipment and sent back to slavery
** became involved in various ventures including an Arctic expedition to find the "Northeast Passage" to India (via Norway and Russia, as opposed to the '''Northwest Passage''' which marked attempts to cross from the Atlantic to the Pacific north of Canada)
** became involved in various ventures including an Arctic expedition to find the "Northeast Passage" to India (via Norway and Russia, as opposed to the '''Northwest Passage''' which marked attempts to cross from the Atlantic to the Pacific north of Canada)
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[[category:US History]]
[[category:US History timelines & concept charts]]
[[Category:AP US History]]
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