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US History timeline & concept chart: 10th-16th centuries pre-colonial Native Americans to early North American colonization (Spanish, French, Dutch): Difference between revisions

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US History timeline & concept chart: 10th-16th centuries pre-colonial Native Americans to early North American colonization (Spanish, French, Dutch) (view source)

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Objective:  
Objective:  
[[category:US History]]
[[category:AP United States History]]
[[category:US History timelines & concept charts]]


* [[US History timeline & concept chart: periods, events & themes]]
* [[US History timeline & concept chart: periods, events & themes]]
* [[US History]]
* [[US History]]
* [[AP United States History]]
* [[AP United States History]]
'''Main page'''
* [[US History timeline & concept chart: periods, events & themes| US History timeline & concept chart: periods, events & themes main page]]


'''Previous timelines:'''
'''Previous timelines:'''
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* [[US History timeline & concept chart: American colonies 17th & mid-18th centuries]]
* [[US History timeline & concept chart: American colonies 17th & mid-18th centuries]]
* [[US History timeline & concept chart: French-Indian War to the American Revolution]]
* [[US History timeline & concept chart: French-Indian War to the American Revolution]]
 
* [[US History timeline & concept chart: U.S. History Decade-by-decade timeline, 1890s-1900]]
See also:  
See also:  
* << to do
* << to do
Unit BIG IDEAS
Native American economies
* hunting / gathering
* farming
* trade
Colonial economies & motives
* Spanish/ Portuguese
** resources extraction
*** Native American slave labor
*** African slave labor
** Evangelism / religion
* Dutch/French/English:
** trade
Colonial settlement & growth patterns
* Spanish
** mixed races / caste system
*** origin / racial composition
*** ''Peninsulares ='' Spanish born in Spain
*** ''Criolles'' = Spanish born in colonies
*** Mestizos = mixed Spanish/Native American
*** Native American
* English colonial population growth
** English
*** farming settlements
*** frontier
* French settlement
** mixed races




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* Mound builders
* Mound builders
=== land use ===
=== land use ===
* farming
* hunting (extensive forests)
* hunting
* trade (waterways)
* farming (localized)
* communal ownership
* communal ownership
||
||
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|-  
|-  
|}
|}


== Age of Exploration and Columbian Exchange ==
== Age of Exploration and Columbian Exchange ==
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|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|
|
* 1492 Columbus lands in Caribbean
* 1492 Columbus lands in Caribbean<br><br>
* 1497 British explore North American coast
* 1497 British explore North American coast<br><br>
* 1524 Verrazano expedition on behalf of France
* 1523-1534 French expeditions to Canada<br><br>
* 1540 Spanish expeditions into modern U.S. territory by Coronado (Southwest) & de Soto Southeast)
* 1524 Verrazano expedition on behalf of France<br><br>
* 1541 Cartier expedition to the St. Lawrence River
* 1540 Spanish expeditions into modern U.S. territory by Coronado (Southwest) & de Soto Southeast)<br><br>
* 1565 Spanish establish St. Augustine, Florida
* 1541 Cartier expedition to the St. Lawrence River<br><br>
* 1588 England defeats Spanish Armada
* 1565 Spanish establish St. Augustine, Florida<br><br>
* 1608 French explorer Champlain founds Quebec
* 1588 England defeats Spanish Armada<br><br>
* 1609 Sante Fe founded by Spanish
* 1608 French explorer Champlain founds Quebec<br><br>
* 1523/1534 French expeditions to Canada
* 1609 Sante Fe founded by Spanish<br><br>
 
||
||
=== political and economic background ===
=== political and economic background ===
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|}
|}


== Protestant Reformation & religious conflict ==
=== post-Columbian exchange changes ===
* trade, especially fur trade
* technological and economic exchange changed intra-tribal power dynamics, including:
* iron tools and weapons, guns, horses
** colonial and European trade and currencies/ value systems
* tribal leverage of colonial contacts for competition & expansion
||
'''BIG IDEAS'''
[[File:Early Localization Native Americans NY.svg|thumb|Map of the New York tribes before European arrival:  Iroquoian tribes   Algonquian tribes]]
* Northeastern Native American tribal alliances
** '''Iroquois''' tribes
*** located west and south of the St. Lawrence River
*** generally aligned with the British
** '''Algonquin''' tribes
[[File:Algonquian langs.png|thumb|Pre-contact distribution of Algonquian languages]]
*** generally aligned with the French
*** located east and north of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes
'''DETAILS'''
* '''Iroquois League''', established c. 1450 (prior to Columbus), lasted to 1660
** confederacy of Iroquois speaking tribes: Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca
** the most powerful of Indian alliances
** ''Iroquois'' = French name given to the tribes
** to the Iroquois, their name was "Haudenosaunee" for "People of the Longhouse"
** the League was known to the English as '''Five Nations'''
*** later Six Nations after Tuscarora joined in 1722)
** NOTE: “nation” or “clans” = better descriptor than “tribes” but collections of tribes who share certain commonalities, viz location, language, leadership, conquest, adoption
** the League negotiated w/ English, maintained independence
** opposed to the Algonquian, which were aligned w/ French, but some Iroquois settled in French held territory and aligned w/ them
*** was also opposed to the Iroquois-speaking '''Huron''' tribes
** to control the Beaver trade, the Iroquois League sought:
*** to control the St. Lawrence River system & lower Great Lakes
*** to control the Ohio Valley
** Iroquois succeeded in controlling Ohio valley by 1670
*** and pushed other tribes further west, such as the Lakotas and the Shawnee
** Iroquois expansion also included western Maryland and Virginia
* '''Wabanaki Confederacy''', 1680s
** alliance of four main and ten other Algonquian tribes in '''Acadia'''
*** Acadia =New France province in modern Maine
** organized to oppose New England encroachment on lands above settled boundary on the Kennebec River in modern Maine
** '''Wabanaki'' means " "People of the Dawn" or "Easterner"
|-
|}
 
== Post-Columbian indigenous peoples overview ==
{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
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! cell style="width:60%"|'''Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events'''
! cell style="width:60%"|'''Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|
| '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
* 1517 Protestant Reformation
* 1492+ Post-Columbian
* 1527 Henry VIII separates from Catholic Church
* see also:
** English Civil War, 1642–1651
** see also  Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648
||
||
=== Martin Luther & Protestant Reformation ===
=== linguistic and cultural areas ===
=== Religious conflict & persecution as push factor on migration to colonial America ===
=== tribal alliances ===
=== culture ===
=== architecture ===
* Pueblo adobe houses
* Iroquois "longhouses"
* Mound builders
=== land use ===
* hunting (extensive forests)
* trade (waterways)
* farming (localized)
* communal ownership
||
||
'''BIG IDEAS'''
'''BIG IDEAS'''
* Protestant Reformation propels European nationalism
* European entry to Americas changed Indian alliances, cultures, economies & populations
* Henry VIII’s break from Catholic Church ensures English-Spanish competition / wars
** leads to English Civil War (1642-1651) that spills over to colonies
* American colonial anti-Catholicism drives colonial identity and serves as catalyst for American Revolution following British take-over of French-Canadian Catholic provinces in Canada
* Protestant objections to centralized Church of England doctrine leads to the splinter religious movement known generally as Puritans and their offshoots, including the Brownists, (from which the Pilgrims arose), Quakers, Levelers, Anabaptists, etc.
'''DETAILS'''
'''DETAILS'''
* << to do
* Native North American linguistic areas
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
** Northeast
*** Algonquian
*** Iroquoian
** Southeast and Gulf region
*** Southeastern woodlands
** Midwest
*** Plains Linguistic Ara
** Pueblo
** Western
*** Northern California
*** Northwest Coast
*** Pacific Northwest
*** Plateau
* source [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas Linguistic areas of the Americas (wikipedia)]
* Hopewell culture
* Mississippi culture
* '''Reciprocity'''
** Native American concept of sharing of land, resources, and labor
** was part of cultural misunderstanding between European and native populations over land and object ownership
|-
|}
 
== Post-Columbian Eastern Native American tribes overview ==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
! '''Major Events, Concepts & Themes'''
! cell style="width:60%"|'''Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|
* 1450-1660 Iroquois League<br><br>
* 1680s Wabanaki Confederacy
||
=== Iroquois League or Confederacy ===
* preceded European presence in North America
* originally located south of the Great Lakes
* empowered by and expanded via European fur trade and weapons
|}
|}


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|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|
|
* 1540 Spanish entry to “Pueblo” territories (southwest: NM, AZ)
* 1540 Spanish entry to “Pueblo” territories (southwest: NM, AZ)<br><br>
* 1565 First North Amer. east coast colony (St. Augustine, FL)
* 1565 First North Amer. east coast colony (St. Augustine, FL)<br><br>
* 1598 Spanish invasion of Pueblo lands
* 1598 Spanish invasion of Pueblo lands<br><br>
* 1680 Pueblo Revolt
* 1680 Pueblo Revolt
||
||
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* = abusive of Native Americans
* = abusive of Native Americans
* '''De Las Casas''': Spanish priest wrote about cruelties v. Indians
* '''De Las Casas''': Spanish priest wrote about cruelties v. Indians
* Sepulveda: Spanish humanist philosopher justified enslavement of Indians  
* '''Sepulveda''': Spanish humanist philosopher justified enslavement of Indians  
=== New Laws ===
=== New Laws ===
* Spanish reforms for better treatment of Indians
* Spanish reforms for better treatment of Indians
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* '''New Laws/Laws of 1542'''
* '''New Laws/Laws of 1542'''
** Preceded by Laws of Burgos of 1512, which were supposed to protect Natives, but were ignored
** Preceded by Laws of Burgos of 1512, which were supposed to protect Natives, but were ignored
** Issued by Spanish King (also Holy Roman Emperor Charles V)
** Issued by Spanish King Charles I (who was also Holy Roman Emperor Charles V)
** Reforms, following Pueblo Revolt  
** Reforms, following Pueblo Revolt  
** Ended encomienda system
** Ended encomienda system
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|}
|}


== British North American colonization ==
 
 
 
 
== French North American colonization ==
 
{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
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|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|
|
* 1583: English claim Newfoundland
* 1534 Jacques Cartier expedition explores to Newfoundland and St. Lawrence River
* 1585: first English settlement at Roanoke, VA,
* 1541 Cap-Rouge: first French settlement at modern day Quebec City (fails)
* 1587: "Lost colony" of Roanoke (abandoned by 1590)
 
* 1603: King James I crowned
* 1608 Samuel de Champlain explores Great Lakes and establishes Quebec
* 1606 First Charter of Virginia
 
* 1607 Jamestown settlement
* 1701 Detroit settlement by Antoine de la Moth Cadillac
* 1608 Separatist group moves to Holland
 
* 1618 Great Charter (established VA self-governance)
* 1718 New Orleans established
* 1620 Mayflower Company/ Plymouth settled by Pilgrims
* 1763 Treaty of Paris ends Seven Years War / French- Indian War; France cedes all territories east of the Mississippi River to Britain
* 1622 Jamestown Massacre
* 1624: Virginia Company abolished; royal Colony
* 1639: Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
* 1642: House of Burgesses
||
||
=== Push / Pull factors ===
=== New France ===   
* conditions that "pushed" British emigration
* 1600s Beaver Wars
* conditions that "pulled" colonial immigration
=== Joint Stock Company ===
* shared ownership for commercial venture; used by England for 1st colonies
* Virginia Company: to establish colonies & find gold (didn’t)
=== Headright System ===
* land grant for brining laborers to colonies
=== Indentured servants ===
===  House of Burgesses ===
* legislature, governing body of VA colony
=== Separatists (religious) ===
* wanted autonomous congregations “separate” from Church of England
* Puritans: anti-papal/ anti-Catholic, wanted to “purify” English Churches
* Pilgrims: separatists group sailed to Plymouth from Holland
* Mayflower Compact: Pilgrim contract for self-rule
* William Bradford: became Plymouth Colony governor; wrote book “On “Plymouth Plantation”
=== John Winthrop & "city upon a hill" ===
* Mass Bay Colony leader
* called it “city upon a hill”
* insisted on church rules
* “A Model of Christian Charity”: Winthrop sermon declaring Christian mission of the colony
||
||
'''BIG IDEAS'''
'''BIG IDEAS'''
* Corporate structure & charters of British colonial enterprises
* early French settlements along North American East coast fail
* British settlements & interactions/ conflicts with Native Americans
** later settlements endure, but populations remain low
* Religious movements & motivations
*** settlements include in modern Canada, Florida Coast and Gulf of Mexico (modern Alabama and Louisiana)
* Concept of self-governance expressed/ experienced:
** lack of migration from France = low populations
** House of Burgessses
* French North American primary objective = fur trade
** John Winthrop
** less competition with Native Americans over land and land use
** Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
** "''couriers du bois''" = French sent to explore, learn from and trade with native tribes
* Push/Pull factors for British settlement in North America
** frequent inter-marriages between French men and Native American women
{| class="wikitable"  
* '''Beaver Wars'''
| '''Push factors'''
** French and Algonquin allies against Iroquois League
* population growth
*** Iroquois armed by the Dutch and English
* religious persecution
*** Iroquois largely successful in controlling Ohio valley by 1670
* primogeniture (1st born inherits)
** over control of fur trade
* political advantage
'''DETAILS'''
* criminality
* New France regions
|| '''Pull factors'''
** Acadia on the Atlantic coast
* adventurism
** Canada along the Saint Lawrence River and up to the Great Lakes
* religious freedom
** Louisiana from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, along the Mississippi River
* political opportunity
* as of 1689 there were only 14,000 French in New France
* economic opportunity
** however, they were
* "new start"
*** politically unified
|-  
*** disproportionate number of adult males with military backgrounds
** had strong relationships Native American allies and developed effective military techniques with them
* for French exploration of the Great Lakes region, see [https://project.geo.msu.edu/geogmich/french_explorers.html The French explorers (msu.edu)] and [https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/explorers/intro10.htm National Park Service - Explorers and Settlers (Historical  Background) (nps.gov)] (includes exploration down the Mississippi River)
|- - style="vertical-align:top;"
|}
|}
'''DETAILS'''
* '''Joint-stock company'''
** = artificial entity to limit liability and distribute profits/losses across multiple ownership via “stocks” or portions of the enterprise
** originated in order to distribute risk in dangerous/ uncertain ventures such as trans-oceanic trade or colonial enterprise
** generally require legal authorization, esp. from monarchs in early modern Europe
* '''Virginia Company of London''' aka the "London Company" or the "Virginia Company," 1607-1624
** 1624: abolished and Virginia became “crown colony”
** Chartered by James I, actually a series of companies and colonial activities
** goal = establish English settlements on N.A. east cost
*** also = find gold (didn’t), but did learn tobacco from Indians, John Rolfe (married Pocahontas) cultivated new strains for European market
** self-governed enterprise
** = possible source of democratic impulse among colonials
* '''Jamestown''', 1607
** 1st settlements failed, resupplied
** '''Anglo-Powhatan wars'''
** English enmeshed in Indian tribal warfare
** 1610: English attacked tribes, took hostages,
** 1612 tribal leader '''Powhatan''' arranged peace, married daughter to Rolfe
** Powhatan’s successor took anti-English position, led attacks
** '''Jamestown Massacre''', 1622, Indians murdered colonials
** peace agreements by 1627-32, but English expansion westward continued, led to war in 1644, finally Treat of 1646 turned tribes into English subjects, Virginia Colony expansion
* '''Headright System/Headrights'''
** = grant of land to colonial settlers
** first employed w/ VA colony, then Plymouth and others
** the “great charter” 1816 established headright system
** purpose was to populate, invest and procure labor
** land grants up to 1000 acres prior to departure
** in exchange for sending labor, usually indentured servants
* '''Fundamental Orders of Connecticut''', 1639
** Ii 1636, disaffected Massachusetts Puritans settled in Connecticut River valley
** 1638 Roger Ludlow petitioned Governor Winthrop for authority for those settlements to “united ourselves to walk and lie peaceably and lovingly together”
** 1639 Connecticut established as separate colony
** ''Fundamental Orders'' document declared protection of certain rights of individuals, limits on the government and the secret ballot for election of magistrates
** = considered first written constitution in English tradition and important step towards “self-goverance”
** thus the modern “Constitution State” state motto
* '''House of Burgesses''', 1642-1776
** local assembly/ legislature for Virginia colony, bicameral
** replaced the “Council of State” which operated under the Great Charter
** gained power over governors over time, representation expanded w/ colony
** tension w/ British government


* '''Separatists''', 16th-17th centuries
== Dutch North American colonization ==
** Protestants who wanted independent churches from Church of England
** initially illegal and persecuted but gained power under Oliver Cromwell, a separatist (1649-1660)
** wanted congregations to be self-determinant (i.e., anti-centralized church, = democratic spirit)
** 1608 separatist group fled to Holland (under James I of England who was persecuting them)
** 1620, off-shoot group, Pilgrims sailed to Plymouth, MA from Holland where they had lived apporx 10 yrs to escape persecution in England; wanted religious freedom but didn’t want to become Dutch


* '''Puritans'''
** wanted to “purify” Church of England from Catholic remnants
** strongly anti-papist (“popery”)
** want total separation from Catholic church
** most stayed with Church of England (see separatists and pilgrims)
** established Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1630 w/ Pilgrim separatists
* '''Mayflower Compact'''
** signed on the ship, Nov. 11, 1620 just off Cape Cod
** destination was Virginia Colony, but the ship landed at Cape Cod, and stayed there
** used that as excuse to declare self-governance
** maintained allegiance to England & James I
** text:
<pre>“IN THE NAME OF GOD, AMEN. We… Do by these Presents, solemnly and mutually, in the Presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid: And by Virtue hereof do enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions, and Officers, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general Good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due Submission and Obedience …”</pre>
** = declaration of self-governance/ democracy
* '''William Bradford''', 1590-1657
** of Plymouth Plantation
** Separatist, Pilgrim, 2nd & on/off governor of Plymouth Colony starting 1635
** inherited farm & wealth
** interested in philosophy & religion, was persecuted as separatist
** in 1607 left for Holland to escape, started a business, married into a wealthy English family
** became ill during 1st winter at Plymouth (others died)
** as governor negotiated w/ local Indians (Massasoit of the Pokanokets), created alliance w/ Pokanokets
** wrote “on Plymouth plantation” = important historical record
* '''John Winthrop''', 1587-1649
** Pilgrim, arrived 1630, settled in area of Boston today
** leader of Mass Bay Colony
** encouraged common effort (not relying on servants for labor)
** helped shape legal system, opposed magistrate (officials in the “General Court” which served as the government) powers as arbitrary, called for laws to shape policies
** opposed pure democracy but supported rights of members of community, especially in church / congregation affairs
** did not support offshoot religious views, including Ann Hutchinson and other new arrivals (1630s), who were banished
** “antinomians” argued against following strict religious law and for salvation through grace
** famed for vision of colony as “city upon a hill” , saw the movement as a modern biblical exodus and example for the world “the eyes of all people are upon us”
** "A Model of Christian Charity"
*** started as a diary of voyage to America and life in the colony, important primary source document
** later expanded on his philosophy and religious/ political outlook
** from it, “Model” was a sermon to define Christian community
**  “City upon a Hill” from this speech
*** saw puritan society as a model state
*** saw religious rules as essential, called them “Justice and Mercy” and should apply to all, rich and poor
** historians see “City upon a Hill” as a statement of “American exceptionalism”
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|}
== Post-Columbian Eastern Native American tribes overview ==
{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
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|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|
|
* Iroquois League, 1450-1660<br><br>
* 1602 Dutch East India Company formed to explore North American to find passage to Asia<br>
* 1680s Wabanaki Confederacy
* 1607/7 Henry Hudson makes claims for Netherlands
** 1610/11 he makes claims for England<br>
* 1623 New Netherland founded, with settlements in modern Delaware and New Jersey
* 1626 Dutch East India Company purchases Manhattan Island from Lenape tribe; New Amsterdam established (modern NYC)<br>
* 1664 British seize New Amsterdam and rename it New York
||
||
=== pre-Columbian Native American tribal alliances ===
=== subsection 1 ===
* Iroquois League or Confederacy: union of “Five Nations” of Iroquois-speaking tribes
* Major Events here
=== post-Columbian exchange ===
=== subsection 2 ===
* trade
* Major Events here
* technological and economic exchange changed intra-tribal power dynamics, including:
* iron tools and weapons, guns, horses
** colonial and European trade and currencies/ value systems
=== tribal leverage of colonial contacts for expansion ===
||
||
'''BIG IDEAS'''
'''BIG IDEAS'''
[[File:Early Localization Native Americans NY.svg|thumb|Map of the New York tribes before European arrival:  Iroquoian tribes   Algonquian tribes]]
* Dutch explorations and settlements in North American were focused on 1) finding passageway to Asia; and 2) trade with Native Americans and the Caribbean
* Northeastern Native American tribal alliances
** '''Iroquois''' tribes
*** generally aligned with the British
** '''Algonquin''' tribes
*** generally aligned with the French
'''DETAILS'''
'''DETAILS'''
* '''Iroquois League''', established c. 1450 (prior to Columbus), lasted to 1660
* details here
** confederacy of Iroquois speaking tribes: Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca
|- - style="vertical-align:top;"
** the most powerful of Indian alliances
** ''Iroquois'' = French name given to the tribes
** to the Iroquois, their name was "Haudenosaunee" for "People of the Longhouse"
** known to the English as “'''Five Nations'''”
*** later Six Nations after Tuscarora joined in 1722)
** NOTE: “nation” or “clans” = better descriptor than “tribes” but collections of tribes who share certain commonalities, viz location, language, leadership, conquest, adoption
** the League negotiated w/ English, maintained independence
** opposed to the Algonquian, which were aligned w/ French, but some Iroquois settled in French held territory and aligned w/ them
* Wabanaki Confederacy, 1680s
** '''Acadia''' (New France province in modern Maine) alliance
** organized to oppose New England encroachment on lands above settled boundary on the Kennebec River in modern Maine
** alliance of 14 tribes from across Acadia
|-
|}
|}


== Slavery origins in Americas ==
== Slavery origins in Americas ==
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|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|
|
||  
||
=== transatlantic slave trade ===  
=== transatlantic slave trade ===  
* "triangular trade "
* "triangular trade "
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* Middle Passage mortality rate is estimated at 12.5% or 2.2 million people
* Middle Passage mortality rate is estimated at 12.5% or 2.2 million people
* estimated 15.3 million people were sent to the Americas as slaves
* estimated 15.3 million people were sent to the Americas as slaves
* estimated 33% of slaves died during the first year at Caribbean destinations, called “seasoning camps,” with perhaps 5 million having died there across the slaving period.
* estimated 33% of slaves sent to “seasoning camps” in the Caribbean died their, mostly of dysentry;
* estimated 5% of African slaves brought to Americas went to North American colonies
* estimated 5% of African slaves brought to Americas went to North American colonies
* '''Olaudah Equiano''' wrote a memoir of experiences as slave (published 1789)  
* '''Olaudah Equiano''' wrote a memoir of experiences as slave (published 1789)  
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** subsequent enslavement was in the Caribbean  
** subsequent enslavement was in the Caribbean  
** purchased his freedom from his final slave owner, Robert King, a Philadelphia Quaker who conducted trade in the Caribbean
** purchased his freedom from his final slave owner, Robert King, a Philadelphia Quaker who conducted trade in the Caribbean
** Equiano conducted business with King who taught him literacy and business and allowed him to buy his freedom  
** Equiano conducted business with King who taught him to read and business, and allowed him to buy his freedom
** in 1766, Equiano moved to England as a freedman, since in Georgia he was almost kidnapped on the docks where he was unloading a shipment and sent back to slavery
** in 1766, Equiano moved to England as a freedman, since in Georgia he was almost kidnapped on the docks where he was unloading a shipment and sent back to slavery
** became involved in various ventures including an Arctic expedition to find the "Northeast Passage" to India (via Norway and Russia, as opposed to the '''Northwest Passage''' which marked attempts to cross from the Atlantic to the Pacific north of Canada)
** became involved in various ventures including an Arctic expedition to find the "Northeast Passage" to India (via Norway and Russia, as opposed to the '''Northwest Passage''' which marked attempts to cross from the Atlantic to the Pacific north of Canada)
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|-
|-
|}
|}
[[category:US History]]
[[category:US History timelines & concept charts]]
[[Category:AP US History]]
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