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Latin terms and abbreviations: Difference between revisions
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'''Some useful Latin terms | '''Some useful Latin terms & their abbreviations and usage''' | ||
[[category:Grammar]] | [[category:Grammar]] | ||
[[category:Writing]] | [[category:Writing]] | ||
[[category:Latin]] | [[category:Latin]] | ||
== Common Latin terms | == Common Latin terms == | ||
=== Carpe diem === | |||
* "seize the day" | |||
=== Festina lente === | |||
* means "make hast slowly" | |||
* used as advice to do something with urgency but care | |||
=== Lorem ipsum === | |||
* "lorem" is not a word | |||
* the term was made up by printers as "filler" or "place holder" text | |||
** i.e., nonsense words used to occupy formatted space | |||
* see: | |||
** https://www.straightdope.com/21343427/what-does-the-filler-text-lorem-ipsum-mean | |||
=== Qui bono === | |||
* = "who benefits?" | |||
** i.e., what is a possible motive? | |||
* when analyzing an event or situation, an investigator will want to ask "qui bono" as to why something occurred | |||
** knowing who benefits will frequently yield both motive and cause | |||
=== Sic transit === | |||
* means "thus passes the glory of the world" | |||
* used to express a moment of fleeting glory | |||
=== Status quo === | |||
* means "existing state of affairs" | |||
* "status quo" is a non-count noun, so it does not change with plurality | |||
== Common Latin abbreviations == | |||
=== c. === | === c. === | ||
* '' circa'' | * '' circa'' | ||
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** ex. "The island was populated c. 1500 bc." | ** ex. "The island was populated c. 1500 bc." | ||
** or "The system processed circa 10,000 data points" | ** or "The system processed circa 10,000 data points" | ||
=== Cf. === | |||
* ''confer / conferatur'' | |||
** meaning "compare" | |||
* used to "signal" to the reader that the source is supportive of the author's text | |||
** as opposed to a direct citation or source | |||
* see [[Citation]] | |||
=== e.g. === | === e.g. === | ||
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* = "and others" or "and the rest" | * = "and others" or "and the rest" | ||
** ex. "At the grocery store, I bought junk food like donuts, cookies, ice cream, etc." | ** ex. "At the grocery store, I bought junk food like donuts, cookies, ice cream, etc." | ||
=== i.e. === | === i.e. === | ||
* ''id est'' | * ''id est'' | ||
* = "that is" or "thereby" | * = "that is" or "thereby" | ||
** ex. "Junk food is | ** ex. "Junk food is yummie but bad for you; i.e, I shouldn't eat it." | ||
** i.e. is | * usage rules: | ||
** i.e. is lowercase, even at the beginning of a sentence | |||
** i.e. is followed by a comma (i.e., ...) | |||
** i.e. is not a coordinating conjunction (i.e., it does not combine independent clauses; i.e., use a semicolon like this) | |||
** i.e. is often set aside by parentheses (i.e., like this) | |||
* | === sic === | ||
* ''sci'' | |||
** ("sic" is not an abbreviation) | |||
* = "thus" or "so" | |||
** used to indicate that a quotation or word usage or spelling that is uncommon or non-standard is from the original text or speaker | |||
** generally used in brackets, viz, [sic] | |||
** ex. "The man with a heavy French accent said, "May I rent w rhume?"[sic] | |||
=== viz === | === viz === | ||
* '' videlicet'' | * '' videlicet'' | ||
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* viz is generally followed by a list specifying or detailing the prior statement | * viz is generally followed by a list specifying or detailing the prior statement | ||
=== | === vs. or v. === | ||
* '' | * ''versus'' | ||
* = "" | * = "against" or "opposed to, or "as opposed to" | ||
** ex. | ** used for comparison or contrast | ||
** ex. "My idea v. yours." | |||
== Less common Latin | == Less common Latin abbreviations == | ||
=== N.B. === | === N.B. === | ||
* '' | * ''nota bene'' | ||
* = "" | * = "note well" or "pay attention" | ||
** ex. | * used to emphasize a main point | ||
** ex. "N.B.: "the abbreviation for "nota bene" is the only Latin abbreviation in this list that should be capitalized" | |||
=== sc === | === sc === | ||
* ''contraction scilicet'' | * ''contraction scilicet'' | ||
* = "it is permitted to know", "it is certain", "you may be sure" | * = "it is permitted to know", "it is certain", "you may be sure" | ||
* = similar to "viz", but used to clarify as opposed to adding details or examples | * = similar to "viz", but used to clarify as opposed to adding details or examples | ||
** ex. " | ** ex. " | ||
* sc is | * sc is also shown as "ss" | ||
** usually for legal documents | |||
** see https://abclegaldocs.com/blog-Colorado-Notary/scilicet-ss-meaning-notary-certificate/ | |||
== Latin abbreviations used for citations, legal documents and bibliographic or textual references == | |||
== Latin | |||
=== et al. === | === et al. === | ||
* '' | * ''et alii"'' | ||
* = "" | * = "and others" | ||
** ex. | ** ex. "The book written by Jones, et al. was most interesting" | ||
=== ex ante === | |||
* ''ex'' = from | |||
* ''ante'' = before | |||
** used to show that an analysis of a future event or prediction is based upon prior evidence | |||
=== ex post === | |||
* ''ex'' = from | |||
* ''post'' = after | |||
** used to analyze past probabilities based on actual events | |||
=== idib. & id. === | === idib. & id. === | ||
* '' | * ''ibidem''= "in the same place" or "same as above" | ||
* = "" | * "id" = "the same person" | ||
** ex. | * used in bibliographies | ||
** ex. | |||
<pre> | |||
1. Jones, et al. p. 238 | |||
2. Ibid, 249 | |||
</pre> | |||
* note: "loc. cit." and "op.cit." are less commonly used for "ibid" and "id." | |||
=== inf. & sup. === | |||
* "infra" = "below" | |||
* "supra" = "above" | |||
* used to refer to information previously or subsequently | |||
** as in "see below" or "see above" | |||
=== passim === | === passim === | ||
* '' | * '' passim'' (not abbreviated) | ||
* = "" | * = "here and there" or "throughout" | ||
** | ** used to indicate that information or a reference will be used frequently | ||
=== q.v. === | |||
* ''quod vide'' | |||
* = "which see" or "for more on this topic" | |||
** tells the reader that additional information is found elsewhere or later in the text | |||
==== s.n. ==== | |||
* ''sine anno'' | * ''sine anno'' | ||
** = "without a date", for unknown publication date | ** = "without a date", for unknown publication date | ||
==== s.l. ==== | |||
* ''sine loco'' | * ''sine loco'' | ||
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* usually used to reference an unknown place of publication | * usually used to reference an unknown place of publication | ||
=== s.n. === | |||
* ''sine nomine'' | * ''sine nomine'' | ||
** = "without a name", for the publisher is unknown | ** = "without a name", for the publisher is unknown | ||
=== s.v. === | |||
* ''sub verbo'' | |||
** = "under the word" | |||
* used to cite a dictionary or encyclopia entry | |||
** archaic and not commonly used any more | |||
=== Sources === | |||
Sources | |||
* [https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/latin-terms-and-abbreviations/ https//writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/latin-terms-and-abbreviations/] | * [https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/latin-terms-and-abbreviations/ https//writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/latin-terms-and-abbreviations/] | ||
* https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/abbreviationsS_Z.aspx | * https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/abbreviationsS_Z.aspx | ||