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Indo-European word origins in proto-Indo-European (PIE) language: Difference between revisions

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Indo-European word origins in proto-Indo-European (PIE) language (view source)

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'''Indo-European = language group'''  
'''Indo-European = language group'''
 
[[File:Indo-European Language Family Branches in Eurasia.png|thumb|Indo-European Language Family Branches in Eurasia|alt=Indo-European Language Family Branches in Eurasia.png]]
'''Proto-Indo-European = the original language from which the language group is derived'''
[[File:Family_tree_of_the_indo-european_languages_(English).jpg|thumb]]
* the principle language group or family across Europe and northwest, central and south Asia
** = dominant languages of Europe, Russia, Iran, India, and Armenia (eastern Turkey/northern Iraq)
** the only European languages that are not Indo-European are Basque (northern Spain and an indigenous language), Hungarian, and Finnish and Estonian (Uralic language group)
* Proto-Indo-European = the original language from which the language group is derived
** abbreviated as "PIE"
'''[[Category:World History]]
[[Category:Language]]
[[category:Language]]
[[category:History of language]]
[[category:History of English]]'''


<u>Purpose</u>:
<u>Article purpose</u>:
* to identify common origins of Indo-European languages and language groups
* to identify common origins of Indo-European languages and language groups
* to recognize the commonality of these words through sound changes
* to recognize the commonality of these words through sound changes
* to help English-speaking students of European languages to recognize how those words are similar to English words, and, thus, enhance the foreign language vocabulary
* to help English-speaking students of European languages to recognize how those words are similar to English words, and, thus, enhance the foreign language vocabulary


* todo:  create pages for Indo-European language, Grimm's Law, etc.
* todo:  create pages for Indo-European language, history of English




<u>See also</u>
<u>See also</u>
 
* [[Grimms Law]]
* Grimms Law
* [[Names of the days of the week]]
* [[Names of the days of the week]]


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*** they are not important to know, but it is important to know that PIE morphemes changed as the language spread
*** they are not important to know, but it is important to know that PIE morphemes changed as the language spread
** cognate = a shift in the sound of a word that forms a different pronunciation and spelling of a word from that of the origin language  
** cognate = a shift in the sound of a word that forms a different pronunciation and spelling of a word from that of the origin language  
=== Discovery of PIE language group ===
* Sir William Jones, a British colonial judge in India in late 18th century
** noticed similarities between Sanskrit and European languages
** he found common word origins in Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, and Persian
click EXPAND to read from Jone's 1786 presentation on the "common source" of Sanskrit, Latin and Greek
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<pre>
The Sanscrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists; there is a similar reason, though not quite so forcible, for supposing that both the Gothic and the Celtic, though blended with a very different idiom, had the same origin with the Sanscrit; and the old Persian might be added to the same family.</pre>
* from Jone's "Third Anniversary Discourse to the Asiatic Society" (1786)
</div>
* Sanskrit
** = the sacred language of Hinduism
** Sanskrit is largely a written language
** the dominant modern language of India is called "Hindi"
* Hindi
** Hindi arose in the northern part of India along the Ganges River
*** called the "Gangetic Plain"
** = fourth most-spoken language in the world
** India has 22 recognized national languages
** Hindi is the "official" language in the sense that it is the language of the Indian government
** there are many regional dialects and other languages across India


=== PIE grammar ===
=== PIE grammar ===
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== common Indo-European words & their origins ==
== Common Indo-European words & their PIE origins ==


{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
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|* note: Sanskrit is the formal language from which Hindi, the most common language of India comes from  
|* note: Sanskrit is the formal language from which Hindi, the most common language of India comes from  
|-  
|-  
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |  
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |
=== Family, Kinship, Rulers ===
=== Family, Kinship, Rulers ===
|-
|-
| *méH₂tēr-
| '''*méH₂tēr-'''
|| '''mother''' (t > th)
|| '''mother''' (t > th)
|| modor
|| modor
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|| mā́tṛ, mātṛ́
|| mā́tṛ, mātṛ́
|-  
|-  
| *pH₂tér-
| '''*pH₂tér-'''
|| '''father''' (p > f, t > th)
|| '''father''' (p > f, t > th)
|| faeder
|| faeder
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|pitṛ́  
|pitṛ́  
|-
|-
| *ǵenh (give birth, beget)
| '''*ǵenh-''' (give birth, beget)
|| '''gender''' (classification, male/female)
|| '''gender''' (classification, male/female)
|| generare (give birth, beget)
|| generare (give birth, beget)
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|
|
|-  
|-  
| genh (to bear)
| '''*genh-''' (to bear)
|| '''sibling'''
|| '''sibling'''
|| slbling ("sibb" for kinship, love)
|| slbling ("sibb" for kinship, love)
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|-  
|-  


| *bʰréH₂ter-
| '''*bʰréH₂ter-'''
|| '''brother'''
|| '''brother'''
|| bropor
|| bropor
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|bʰrā́tṛ  
|bʰrā́tṛ  
|-  
|-  
| *swésor
| '''*swésor-'''
|| '''sister'''
|| '''sister'''
|| systir or sweostor
|| systir or sweostor
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|svásṛ
|svásṛ
|-  
|-  
| *suHnú-
| '''*suHnú-'''
I*su(e)-nu
I '''*su(e)-nu'''
|| '''son'''
|| '''son'''
|| sunu
|| sunu
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|sūnú
|sūnú
|-
|-
|*pau (little)
|'''*pau''' (little)
|boy
|boy
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
| *dʰugH₂-tér-
| '''*dʰugH₂-tér-'''
|| '''daughter'''
|| '''daughter'''
|| dhuter
|| dhuter
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|-
|-
|-
|-
|meryo, mari-, *mori- (young man/wife),  
|'''*meryo-, *mari-''', '''*mori-''' (young man/wife),  
''*(s)newdʰ-e-ti-s'' (to cover)  
''*(s)newdʰ-e-ti-s'' (to cover)  
and
and
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marya (for young suitor, i.e, young man who wants to marry)
marya (for young suitor, i.e, young man who wants to marry)
|-
|-
|domo or domu
|'''*domo-''' or *'''domu'''
|'''house'''
|'''house'''
|hus (for dwellng or shelter)
|hus (for dwellng or shelter)
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|mann
|mann
|vira
|vira
|-
|*no-men-  'name"
|'''name'''
|
|nomen
|acronym; allonym; ananym; anonymous; antonym; binomial; cognomen; denominate; eponym; eponymous; heteronym; homonym; homonymous; hyponymy; ignominious; ignominy; Jerome; matronymic; metonymy; metronymic; misnomer; moniker; nomenclature; nominal; nominate; noun; onomastic; onomatopoeia; paronomasia; paronym; patronym; patronymic; praenomen; pronoun; pseudonym; renown; synonym; synonymy; synonymous; toponym
|nombre
|nom
|
|
|-  
|-  
| *h₃rḗǵs  (ruler)
| *h₃rḗǵs  (ruler)
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|-
|-
|*dyeu-(sky father)
|*dyeu-(sky father)
|god
|'''god'''
|
|
|Latin: Iu-peter (Jupiter)
|Latin: Iu-peter (Jupiter)
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|'''MODERN ENGLISH'''
|'''MODERN ENGLISH'''
|'''OLD ENGLISH'''
|'''OLD ENGLISH'''
|'''LATIN'''
|'''LATIN / GREEK'''
|'''RELATED ENGLISH WORDS'''
|'''RELATED ENGLISH WORDS'''
|'''SPANISH'''
|'''SPANISH'''
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|'''MODERN ENGLISH'''
|'''MODERN ENGLISH'''
|'''OLD ENGLISH'''
|'''OLD ENGLISH'''
|'''LATIN'''
|'''LATIN / GREEK'''
|'''RELATED ENGLISH WORDS'''
|'''RELATED ENGLISH WORDS'''
|'''SPANISH'''
|'''SPANISH'''
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|
|
|-  
|-  
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |  
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |
=== '''Body parts''' ===
=== Body Parts ===
|-
|-
|'''PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE)'''
|'''PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE)'''
|'''MODERN ENGLISH'''
|'''MODERN ENGLISH'''
|'''OLD ENGLISH'''
|'''OLD ENGLISH'''
|'''LATIN'''
|'''LATIN / GREEK'''
|'''RELATED ENGLISH WORDS'''
|'''RELATED ENGLISH WORDS'''
|'''SPANISH'''
|'''SPANISH'''
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||  
||  
|
|
|
|-
|h₂ows- (“ear”)
|ear, hear
|ēare (ear)
hīeran (hear)
|auris
|
|
|
|Ohr
|
|
|-  
|-  
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|
|
|-  
|-  
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |  
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |
=== Animals ===
=== Animals ===
|-
|-
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|'''MODERN ENGLISH'''
|'''MODERN ENGLISH'''
|'''OLD ENGLISH'''
|'''OLD ENGLISH'''
|'''LATIN'''
|'''LATIN / GREEK'''
|'''RELATED ENGLISH WORDS'''
|'''RELATED ENGLISH WORDS'''
|'''SPANISH'''
|'''SPANISH'''
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|
|
|-  
|-  
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |  
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |
=== Food ===
=== Food ===
|-
|-
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|'''MODERN ENGLISH'''
|'''MODERN ENGLISH'''
|'''OLD ENGLISH'''
|'''OLD ENGLISH'''
|'''LATIN'''
|'''LATIN / GREEK'''
|'''RELATED ENGLISH WORDS'''
|'''RELATED ENGLISH WORDS'''
|'''SPANISH'''
|'''SPANISH'''
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|
|
|pacu
|pacu
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |
=== Other ===
| colspan="7" |
|-
|'''PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE)'''
|'''MODERN ENGLISH'''
|'''OLD ENGLISH'''
|'''LATIN / GREEK'''
|'''RELATED ENGLISH WORDS'''
|'''SPANISH'''
|'''FRENCH'''
|'''GERMAN'''
|'''SANSKRIT'''
|-
|'''*ag-''' "to drive, draw out, move"
|act, action
|Old Norse: ''aka'' "to drive"
Middle Irish: ''ag'' for "battle"
|Latin: ''actus'' (doing), ''agere'' ("to set in motion")
Greek: ''agein'' ("to lead, guide, carry off"), ''agon'' (assembly) or ''agōgos'' (leader)
|act; action; active; actor; actual; actuary; actuate; agency; agenda; agent; agile; agitation; agony; ambagious; ambassador; ambiguous; anagogical; antagonize; apagoge; assay; axiom; cache; castigate; coagulate; cogent; cogitation; counteract; demagogue; embassy; essay; exact; exacta; examine; exigency; exiguous; fumigation; interact; intransigent; litigate; litigation; mitigate; mystagogue; navigate; objurgate; pedagogue; prodigal; protagonist; purge; react; redact; retroactive; squat; strategy; synagogue; transact; transaction; variegate.
|
|
|
|''ajati''
|-
|'''*apo-''' "away, off"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''*es-''' "to be"
|is
|eom
|Latin: ''est''
Greek: ''esti''
|absence, absent, entity, essence, essential, Eucharist, eugenics, eulogy, euphemism, euphoria , euthanasia, improve, interest, is
|estar
|etre
|ist
|asmi
|-
|'''*klei-''' "to lean"
|climate
(from geographic zones in distance from the equator, thus marking different temperatures, etc.)
|
|Latin ''clinare'' "to lean, bend"
Greek ''klinein'' "to cause to slope, slant, incline"
and ''klima'' "region, zone"
|acclivity; anticline; clemency; client; climate; climax; cline; clinic; clinical; clino-; clitellum; clitoris; decline; declivity; enclitic; heteroclite; incline; ladder; lean (v.; lid; low (n) "small hill, eminence;" matroclinous; patroclinous; polyclinic; proclitic; proclivity; recline; synclinal; thermocline
|
|Old French ''climat'' for "region, part of the earth"
|
|''srayati'' ("leans")
|-
|'''mregh-u-''' "short"
|short
|
|''brevis''
Greek: brakhys
|abbreviate; abbreviation; abridge; amphibrach; brace; bracelet; brachio-; brachiopod; brachiosaurus; brachy-; brassiere; breviary; brevity; brief; brumal; brume; embrace; merry; mirth; pretzel; vambrace.
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''*nem-''' "assign, allot; take"
and
'''*wendh-''' "to turn, wind, weave"
|nomad
wind (verb)
|''wandrian'' (v) to wander, roam
''simbelfarende'' (adj) for "roving, nomadic, wandering"
|''nomas''
and related to ''numerus'' for "number"
Greek: nomas for "roaming, wandering"
and ''nomos'' for "pasture, grazing" thus "land allotted"; related to ''nemein'' for "to deal out" and ''nemisis'' "just indignation"
|agronomy; anomie; anomy; antinomian; antinomy; astronomer; astronomy; autonomous; autonomy; benumb; Deuteronomy; economy; enumerate; enumeration; gastronomy; heteronomy; innumerable; metronome; namaste; nemesis; nimble; nim; nomad; nomothetic; numb; number, numeracy; numeral; numerator; numerical; numerology; numerous; Numidia, Numidians, numismatic; supernumerary; taxonomy
|
|nomade
|
|
|-
|'''''*pele-''''' "to fill"
|fill
|
|
|accomplish; complement, complete; comply; depletion; expletive; fill; folk; full implement; manipulation; plebe; plebeian; plebiscite; pleiotropy; Pleistocene; plenary; plenitude; plenty; plenum; plenipotentiary; plethora; pluperfect; plural; pluri-; plus; poly-; polyandrous; polyethylene; polyglot; polygon; polygraph; polygyny; polyhedron; polymath; polymer; polymorphous; Polynesia; polyp; polysyllabic; polytheism; replenish; replete; supply; surplus
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''''*pelə-''''' "flat" or "to spread"
|
|
|
|airplane; ectoplasm; esplanade; explain; explanation; feldspar; field; floor; palm (n "flat of the hand") palm (n "tropical tree;") piano; pianoforte; plain; plan; planar; plane (n "flat surface") plane (n."tool for smoothing surfaces") plane (v. "soar, glide on motionless wings") planet; planisphere; plano-; plasma; plasmid; plasm; -plasm; -plast; plaster; plastic; plastid; -plasty; Polack; Poland; Pole; polka; protoplasm
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''*sta-'''  "to stand" or "to make or be firm"
|stand
|
|statuere
|constitute, constituent, statue, statute
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''''*we-dhro-''''' "weather, storm" and
'''*we-'''  "to blow"
|weather
|wedar
|Latin ''tempestas'' for "weather" as well as "time"
|to weather (to endure); as well as weather-beaten, weathered, weather-vane
|
|
|wetter
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-  
|-  
|}
|}
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|-
|-
}
}
[[Category:World History]]
[[Category:Language]]
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