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 ==Standards/ Standardization==
+=== standard meaning ===
+* '''standard''' (noun) =
+** a baseline rule or line of common agreement
+*** i.e., what a society agrees upon as commonly expected
+** etymology (word origin):
+*** from Old French ''estandard''for  fpr "to stand hard", as in fixed
+*** derived from Latin ''extendere" for "to extend" and applied to an "upright pole"
+*** applied to a flag, a "standard" represents an army or people
+* '''standardize''' (verb)
+** means to make in common or in common agreement
+** '''standardization''' (noun) = in the state of being standardized; action of creating common agreement
-=== Money ===
+=== purpose of standardization ===
+* standards are a key element of creating rule, sovereignty and/or unity
+** especially across large distances
+** when a people agree upon something, it is "standard"
+* forms of standardization include:0
+** language, laws, money, religion, social customs, weights and measures, writing
+* effects of standardization include:
+** economic activity (trade), social and political organization, unity
+** rule, power, especially in the sense of enforcing standards
+* the below will review these different forms and purposes of standards and standardization
+=== law ===
+=== money ===
+* “Money can be anything that the parties agree is tradable” (Wikipedia)
 notes to do:
+* money & trade
+** trade =
+*** geography
+*** movement
+*** scarcity/surplus
+*** technology
+*** technological and cultural diffusion
-Money & trade
+==== history of money ====
+* “I understand the history of money. When I get some, it's soon history.”
-	trade = 	geography
+* money must be:
-			movement
+** '''scarce'''
-			scarcity/surplus
+*** too much money reduces its value
-			technology
+*** inflation results from oversupply of money
-			technological and cultural diffusion
+*** or corruption or devaluation of money
+*** see Latin expression: ''void ab initio''
+**** = fraud from the beginning taints everything the follows
-History of money
+** '''transportable'''
+*** ex. Micronesians used a currency of large limestone coins...9-12ft diameter, several tons... put them outside the houses.. great prestige... but they weren’t transportable, so tokens were created to represent them, or parts of them... Tokens = promises
-“I understand the history of money. When I get some, it's soon history.”
+** '''authentic'''
-What must money be?
+*** not easily counterfeited (fraudulently copied)
+** '''trusted'''
-- Money must be scarce
+*** government sanction
-- Money must be transportable
+** '''permanent'''
-	>>Micronesia currency of large limestone coins...9-12ft diameter, several tons... put them outside the houses.. great prestige... but they weren’t transportable, so tokens were created to represent them, or parts of them... Tokens = promises
+*** problem with barter of plants and animals is perishability
-- Money must be authentic
+**** i.e., fruit and goats can be traded, but fruit goes bad and goats die
-	(not easily counterfeited)
+* early non-coinage forms of money:
-- Money must be trusted
+** sea shells
-	>>government sanction
+*** which are scarce (rare), authentic, visually attractive (pretty)
-	>>language/ writing
+** cattle
-- Money must be permanent
+** crops/ herbs/ spices
-	(fruit and goats die...)
+*** especially specialty crops, such as spices
-	problem with barter.. perishability
+**** such as pepper, which is dried and therefore transportable and non-perishable
+** gems, gold, rare minerals
-“Money can be anything that the parties agree is tradable” (Wikipedia)
+*** measured by weight
+* modern period money forms:
-Early monetary systems:
+* during Age of Discovery (15th-17th centuries) rum became currency
-,000 bc ... shells >>scarce and rare
+* 18th century Virginia, tobacco became money
-	cattle
+* in prisons or prisoner of war camps, cigarettes have become currency,
-	crops/ herbs/ spices... specialty crops >>see definitions above, what money must be)
+=== history of Coinage===
-	Early civilization: spices = currency (crops, esp. pepper)
+* starts with the “touchstone”
-	gems, gold, rare minerals
+** = a stone that can be rubbed to measure its purity (trust, value)
-	Early Discovery Age: Rum became a currency (more stable than gold)
-	In prisons, cigarettes become currency
-History of Coinage:
-	starts with the “Touchstone” ... touchstone...rub against it to measure purity (trust, value)
-* ''void ab initio'' = fraud from the beginning taints everything the follows
+>> to do:
 Phoenicians: created currency
 Representative Money: paper money = coin value
-Fiat money = back by a promise only
+Fiat money = backed by a promise only
+=== weights and measures ===
+=== writing ===
+> create new page for writing
 ==Culture and Cultural & Technological Achievements==