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Landmark Supreme Court cases: Difference between revisions

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Landmark Supreme Court cases (view source)

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→‎Short list of Landmark Supreme Court cases
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* Shaw v. Reno , 1993)
* Shaw v. Reno , 1993)
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|'''Brown v. Board of Education'''
|1954
|Warren
|equal protection
|Equal protection clause (14th amendment)
|
* unanimous ruling held that segregated schools were "inherently unequal" and thus violated the 14th amendment's equal protection clause regarding public school segregation
* the ruling did not completely overturn ''Plessy'', as ''Brown'' applied only to public education, but it became the primary precedent for further challenges to ''de jure'' (in law) segregation
* subsequent cases also addressed ''de facto'' (in fact or practice) segregation
|
*[[wikipedia:Cooper_v._Aaron|Cooper v. Aaron]] (1958: affirmed Brown and enforced desegregation)
*[[wikipedia:Swann_v._Charlotte-Mecklenburg_Board_of_Education|Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education]] (1971: busing to promote racial integration in schools)
*[[wikipedia:Milliken_v._Bradley|Milliken v. Bradley]] (1974: "busing"; distinguished between ''de jure'' and ''de facto'' segregation)
|-
|'''Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission'''
|2010
|Roberts
|campaign finance law
|Free speech clause (1st amendment)
|
* held that "political spending" by organizations is protected speech
* the case regarded advertising of a movie during a primary election season that was critical of Hillary Clinton and that violated a 2002 law, Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act that prohibited "electioneering communication" by corporations, non-profits or unions withing 30 days of a primary or 60 days of an election; the law was invalidated by the case
|
*[[wikipedia:McCutcheon_v._FEC|McCutcheon v. FEC]] (2014: expanded campaign finance limits but did not end them)
|-
|'''Engel v. Vitale'''
|1962
|Warren
|  - prayer in public school
- "separation of Church and State" doctrine
|Establishment clause (1st amendment)
|
* ruled that official public school prayer (i.e., school-sponsored) violated the 1st amendment prohibition of government sponsored religion
* the ruling affirmed the "wall of separation between Church and State,"  which is from a published letter by President Thomas Jefferson in 1802
* dissent:
** Justice Stewart's argued that the Establishment clause prohibited creation of a state- (government) sponsored church and not the non-mandatory practice of religion within a public school
|
*[[wikipedia:Abington_School_District_v._Schempp|Abington School District v.  Schempp]] (1963: banned public school-sponsored Bible reading)
*[[wikipedia:Wallace_v._Jaffree|Wallace v. Jaffree]] (1985: banned school-sponsored prayer but allowed for school-sponsored moment of silence for individual meditation)
|-
|'''Gideon v. Wainwright'''
|1963
|Warren
|  - public counsel
- incorporation case
|Right to counsel (6th amendment)
|
* Gideon requested but was denied a public attorney (Florida only allowed it for capital offenses)
* the unanimous decision held that a state must provide counsel for criminal defendants who can not afford an attorney or who are otherwise incapable of representing themselves (incompetency or illiteracy)
* ''Gideon'' is an incorporation case, as the 6th amendment right to counsel was applied state law via the 14th amendment's Due Process clause
|
*[[wikipedia:Powell_v._Alabama|Powell v. Alabama]] (1932: required state-sponsored counsel in capital crimes; it importantly incorporated the 6th amendment right via the 14th amendment's "due process" clause)
for similar cases regarding criminal protections:
*[[wikipedia:Massiah_v._United_States|Massiah v. United States]] (1964: prohibited use of statements by criminals who had counsel without that attorney present)
*[[wikipedia:Miranda_v._Arizona|Miranda v. Arizona]] (1966: self-incrimination protections; incorporation of 5th amendment; see also [[wikipedia:Berghuis_v._Thompkins|Berghuis v. Thompkins]] 2010)
|-
|-
|'''Marbury v. Madison'''
|'''Marbury v. Madison'''
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|-
|'''Brown v. Board of Education'''
|'''McDonald v. Chicago'''
|1954
|2010
|Warren
|
|equal protection
| - gun rights
|Equal protection clause (14th amendment)
<nowiki>- incorporation case</nowiki>
|
* Second amendment
|
|
* unanimous ruling held that segregated schools were "inherently unequal" and thus violated the 14th amendment's equal protection clause regarding public school segregation
* asdf
* the ruling did not completely overturn ''Plessy'', as ''Brown'' applied only to public education, but it became the primary precedent for further challenges to ''de jure'' (in law) segregation
* subsequent cases also addressed ''de facto'' (in fact or practice) segregation
|
|
* [[wikipedia:Cooper_v._Aaron|Cooper v. Aaron]] (1958: affirmed Brown and enforced desegregation)
*
 
* [[wikipedia:Swann_v._Charlotte-Mecklenburg_Board_of_Education|Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education]] (1971: busing to promote racial integration in schools)
 
* [[wikipedia:Milliken_v._Bradley|Milliken v. Bradley]] (1974: "busing"; distinguished between ''de jure'' and ''de facto'' segregation)
|-
|-
|'''Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission'''
|2010
|Roberts
|campaign finance law
|Free speech clause (1st amendment)
|
|
* held that "political spending" by organizations is protected speech
* the case regarded advertising of a movie during a primary election season that was critical of Hillary Clinton and that violated a 2002 law, Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act that prohibited "electioneering communication" by corporations, non-profits or unions withing 30 days of a primary or 60 days of an election; the law was invalidated by the case
|
|
* [[wikipedia:McCutcheon_v._FEC|McCutcheon v. FEC]] (2014: expanded campaign finance limits but did not end them)
|-
|'''Engel v. Vitale'''
|1962
|Warren
| - prayer in public school
- "separation of Church and State" doctrine
|Establishment clause (1st amendment)
|
|
* ruled that official public school prayer (i.e., school-sponsored) violated the 1st amendment prohibition of government sponsored religion
* the ruling affirmed the "wall of separation between Church and State,"  which is from a published letter by President Thomas Jefferson in 1802
* dissent:
** Justice Stewart's argued that the Establishment clause prohibited creation of a state- (government) sponsored church and not the non-mandatory practice of religion within a public school
|
|
* [[wikipedia:Abington_School_District_v._Schempp|Abington School District v.  Schempp]] (1963: banned public school-sponsored Bible reading)
|
* [[wikipedia:Wallace_v._Jaffree|Wallace v. Jaffree]] (1985: banned school-sponsored prayer but allowed for school-sponsored moment of silence for individual meditation)
|
|
|-
|-
|'''Gideon v. Wainwright'''
|1963
|Warren
| - public counsel
- incorporation case
|Right to counsel (6th amendment)
|
|
* Gideon requested but was denied a public attorney (Florida only allowed it for capital offenses)
* the unanimous decision held that
|
|
* [[wikipedia:Powell_v._Alabama|Powell v. Alabama]] (1932: required state-sponsored counsel in capital crimes; it importantly incorporated the 6th amendment right via the 14th amendment's "due process" clause)
for similar cases regarding criminal protections:
* [[wikipedia:Massiah_v._United_States|Massiah v. United States]] (1964: prohibited use of statements by criminals who had counsel without that attorney present)
* [[wikipedia:Miranda_v._Arizona|Miranda v. Arizona]] (1966: self-incrimination protections; incorporation of 5th amendment; see also [[wikipedia:Berghuis_v._Thompkins|Berghuis v. Thompkins]] 2010)
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|<nowiki>- incorporation case</nowiki>
|asdf
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* asdf
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*
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