European Enlightenment: Difference between revisions

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+-1790
+* intellectual "Age of Reason"
+* world view change from religious to secular
+* skepticism & religious skepticism
+* pursuit of happiness: focus on the human condition
+* diffusion of knowledge: books, pamphlets, publications, libraries, universities
+== key dates ===
+* 1648: end of the 30 Years War (religious dispute was a core cause of the war)
+* 1680: publication of Isaac Newton's ''Principio Mathematica''
+* 1688: Glorious Revolution in England
+* 1682: Haley's comet & Bayle's "Reflections on Comets"
+== Enlightenment definitions ==
+* disenchantment of the world
+** from Max Weber
+** attacking superstition
+* political reform
+** applying reason to public policy
+** infrastructure projects
+** penal & criminal law enforcement and reform
+*** vagrants and beggars
+== Enlightenment core ideas ==
+* self-government
+** Glorious Revolution: William of Orange takes power
+*** transfer of power based on the public good and not dynastic divine rule
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 == Enlightenment thinkers ==
+=== entry structure ===
+<nowiki> === </nowiki>section title: first, last, alphabetical by last name
+* core ideas
+* dates
+* works
+=== Pierre Bayle ===
+* core ideas
+** religious skepticism and toleration
+* 1682 ''Reflections on Comets''
+** Hailey's comet as natural phenomenon and not a mysterious event
+** challenged superstition
+* religious toleration
+=== Cesare Beccaria ===
+* ''On Crimes and Punishments''
+** condemned torture and the death penality
 === Diderot ===
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 * self-exiled to Switzerland to carry on the project in secret
-=== Hume ===
+=== Robert Hooke ===
+=== David Hume ===
 * the problem of induction
 ** how do you know that the sun will rise tomorrow?
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 ** Hume wrote a racist tract, "comments on matters of race" that posited that blacks were inferior beings
 ** in 2020, Edinburgh University removed his name from a building on campus
+====  Gotthold Ephraim Lessing ===
+* core ideas
+**
+* works:
+** ''Nathan the Wise'', a play on religious tolerance
+click EXPAND for details on ''Nathan the Wise'' and the "parable of the rings"
+<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
+*** a play about Nathan, a Jewish merchant who meets Saladin the Great, the Ottoman sultan and thus a core Islamic leader
+*** Saladin asks Nathan which of the Abrahamic religions is the "true religion"
+**** Abrahamic religions are Judaism, Christianity and Islam (in order of historical appearance)
+*** Nathan avoids the question trap by answering with the "parable of the ring"
+**** = a story about a magical ring that empowers the bearer God's approval ("pleasing to God")
+***** i.e., the bearer's religion is the "true religion"
+**** it is passed on by generation, until a father can't decide which of three sons to give it to
+***** so he creates two exact copies and gives each son a ring
+**** afterwards, the sons argue over who owns the actual ring
+**** they take their dispute to a wise man who tells them
+***** that perhaps all three rings are replicas, they cannot know
+***** therefore, if each acts in such a way as God will be pleased, it would show that each ring has the magical power
+***** i.e., God doesn't judge by one's religion but by one's actions
+<div>
+=== Isaac Newton ===
+* ''Principio Mathematica''
+* launched idea of a divinely-ordered universe understandable by mathematics
 === Voltaire ===
+* Candide: satire on Englightenment thought "best of all possible worlds" << to do